Environmental quality (continued)
environment and governance system poli-
cies, 258-64, 260b, 260t
and EU agricultural policy, 32
global assessments, 155—56
NAE's footprint, 10
in pre-1945 agrifood systems, 14
water pollution vs., 46
See also Biodiversity; Development and
sustainability; Natural resources; Sus-
tainability
EPIPAGRI, 261n
Equity of food systems, 102-4, 212. See also
Wealth and asset inequity
ERS (Economic Research Service) of the
USD A, 160
ESF (European Science Foundation), 157
ESIM (European Simulation Model), 157-58
ETPs (European Technology Platforms),
156-57
EU27 countries, 3n
EUFO (European Futures Observatory), 157
Europe
aquaculture, 59-60
concentration of retail, 61
diet-related health problems, 6
economics and international trade, 164,
176, 177t
genetic engineering regulations, 143^4
grassland-based cattle systems, 52
livestock systems, 48-53, 49f, 50f, 51f
organic farming and market, 47—48, 67, 68t
pesticide use in, 44^15, 45f
population projections, 163, 164t
retail sector, 62-63, 63t
rural and farm populations, 27-29, 28f
Western Europe, 2, 11, 12-14, 163, 163t
See also Central and Eastern Europe; Com-
mon Agricultural Policy; Eastern Eu-
rope; European Union; NAE region
European Commission
and CAP reform, 175
foresight exercises, 156-58, 158b, 159t, 165
on genetic engineering, 233b
and international AKST, 136-137
on soil degradation, 182
Standing Committee on Agriculture
Research, 158
water legislation, 262-63
European Economic Community (EEC), 11
European Foresight Monitoring Network
(EFMN), 157
European Forum on Agricultural Research for
Development, 257-58
European Futures Observatory (EUFO), 157
European Science Foundation (ESF), 157
European Simulation Model (ESIM), 157-58
European Technology Platforms (ETPs), 156—57
European Union (EU)
agricultural imports and exports, 106, 107f
alternative energy sources, 47
animal husbandry restrictions, 88
biofuels directive, 47
forests and livelihoods, 56
founding of, 11
frontier research concept of knowledge
production, 165, 166

gender pay gap, 12
livestock production and trade, 108-9, 109t
River Basin Management programs, 263
See also Common Agricultural Policy;
Europe
European Water Framework Directive, 262-63
Eururalis foresight exercise, 157, 158, 158b,
159t
Evolutionary and ecological sciences, 210
Evolution of AKST, 126-28, 127b, 128t
Export subsidies, 93, 106
F
FAAP (Framework for African Agricultural
Productivity), 254-56
Fair trade policies, 68-69, 68t, 69t, 210,
221-22
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization
Farmer associations, 179
Farmer attitudes and behavior, 245-46
Farming systems and farm structures, 177—78.
See also Agricultural industry; Food and
farming
Farming systems research (FSR), 124, 127b
Farmworkers, 7, 10, 27, 152-53, 178-79,
244^5, 245f
Fertilizers
corporate control of production, 15, 34
and crop production, 21
environmental consequences of chemicals,
84
organic, 38
and precision agriculture, 38
run-off issues, 6, 8, 38
and soil testing, 37—38
FFRAF (foresight food, rural and agrifutures),
157, 158, 159t
Field drainage, environmental consequences of,
84-85
Fisheries
availability and management, 183, 185, 186
and climate change, 186-88
coastal capture, 185, 210, 239^0
governance issues, 263
marine fishery stocks, 8
in NAE region, 13
overview, 13
sustainability, 210, 239^0
See also Aquaculture systems
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 13
Fish farming techniques, 57-61, 57f, 58ff, 59f
Fish meal from coastal capture fisheries, 240^1
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of
the United Nations
FAO/IAEA mutation varieties database, 41
FAO/OECD global foresight model, 155-
56, 156t
FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius, 66, 236b
on food insecurity, 5-6, 15, 38
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Re-
sources for Food and Agriculture, 5,
175, 195-96, 261-62
on livestock development practices, 88
World Bank and AKS concept development,
247
World Food Model, 156
Food and farming

cooperative responses to market power,
96-97, 97t, 98f
effect of standards on small-scale
producers, 152
energy efficient systems, 230-31, 230b
environmental impact, 81-92, 83f, 83t, 84t,
89f, 89t, 91f
in Europe, 5—6, 7f
farm size and wealth inequity, 9
farmworkers incomes, 7, 10
food safety issues, 223-26, 224b, 225b
governance issues, 262-63
mixed systems, 14, 48, 80, 87-88, 92
precision agriculture, 40, 169, 178, 210, 236
rural and farm populations, 26—29, 27f, 28f,
97-98,100-102, 101t, 102t, 152-53
rural development, 246
socioeconomic viability of systems, 241-44
sustainability of rural livelihoods, 244-45,
245f
systems and structures, 177—78
wireless communications for, 170
by women, 7-8, 29, 180, 211, 242
women as farm operators, 7-8
See also Cropping systems; Food safety
issues; Labor
Food consumption and distribution trends,
uncertainties and consequences for
AKST, 172-75
Food demand and consumption as AKST driver,
4-5
Food insecurity, 5-6, 7f, 81, 104
Food manufacturing and processing, 65, 65t
Food miles, 92, 195, 220
Food policy councils, 262
Food quality improvements, 224-25, 225b
Food retail sector, 21-22, 61-65, 62f, 62t, 63tt,
64f, 64t, 80, 103
Food safety issues
AKST options for improving, 210
in diverse food and farming systems, 223-
26, 224b, 225b
future of, 174, 177, 185
global demand for, 99
in meat industry, 52-53, 81, 173
and modes of governance, 81, 175-76, 262
post-World War II solutions, 117
research resources for, 135, 139, 142
retail sector provisions, 173
SFP tied to, in EU policy, 32
standards for, 66-67
systems for controlling, 210
See also Food security
Food Safety Management Systems Standard
(ISO), 67, 67t
Food security
and development and sustainability goals,
5-6, 22, 137
and EFARD, 257n
ethical considerations, 219
inequities in, 81, 104, 139
and local production systems, 221
options for action, 210
and organic agriculture, 236b
post-World War II achievements, 21, 117, 139
as public good, 194, 222b, 243, 254, 264,
266, 266t