founding of, 5
funding and budget, 137, 142
NAE contributions to, 256-58
overview, 132, 193
and strategy to ensure food sufficiency,
123-24
Consumers, 2, 98f, 104, 160, 226-27, 243
Consumption footprint, 10
Consumption systems, changes in, 70—71
Contextualization of AKST organizations, 195
Control and distribution of AKST, 196-98
Control and influence, equity in, 81, 103
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
125b, 175, 195, 261-62
Conversion of Land Use and its Effects (CLUE-
s) model, 157-58
Cooperative Agricultural Extension Service,
131
Cooperatives
in CEE, 26
centers with a research center and an educa-
tional institution, 251
dairy cooperatives in US, 35
extensive service of land-grant
universities, 40
PROCINORTE cooperative program, 258
as response to market power, 96—97, 97t, 98f
Cooperative Wheat Production Program,
123-24
CPs (challenge programs), 257b
Cropping systems
and biofuel/biomass production, 47, 158b
environmental consequences of, 80, 82—87,
83f, 83t, 84t
increasing productivity, 40^16, 42f, 44f,
45f, 46f
and marketing contracts, 37
organic, 47^18
overview, 38^0, 39ff, 48
and soil AKST, 37-38
See also Plants
Cross-sectoral public-private governance plat-
forms, 154, 221
Cultural developments and AKST, 2
Cyanobacterial biofuels, 218-20, 220t
D
De/centralization and consolidation, 195
Demographic drivers of AKST, 161-63, 163t,
164tt
Demography and AKST, 2
Developing countries or regions
agricultural component of economics of,
125-26
and CGIAR, 256-57
and climate change, 9
and digital divide, 130, 197
effect of trade agreements, 9, 53, 152
impact of NAE paradigms, 123—24
labor from, 10
NAE influence on, 2, 8-10, 81, 117-18, 119
undernourishment in, 6-7, 7f
See also Consultative Group on Interna-
tional Agricultural Research
Development and sustainability
and agroecosystems, 16, 127, 180, 210,
226-27, 229, 235

of aquaculture systems, 240-41
for forestry, 236-39, 237t
future AKST systems and, 198-201
as goals, 5-8,5f, 7f, 16,118,119-20,198-201
lessons learned, 118—20
meeting goals, 212-14
NAE control of resources, 9-10
overview, 117-18
paradigm shift in process, 209
TNC efforts, 16
treaties and conventions that promote, 212
Diet/consumption changes, 69-71, 69t, 70tt
Diet-related health problems, 2, 6, 8, 9. See also
Human health
Digital divide, 130, 197
Direct payments to farmers, 31-33, 47, 93, 175
Diseases, new and emerging, 209, 216-18. See
also Human health
Dis/integration of organizations, 194-95
DNA-based techniques, 41, 217, 225, 232-34.
See also Genetic engineering
Doubly Green Revolution, 124, 256
E
Eastern Europe
and access to capital, 2
effect of communism, 11, 12
fertility rate projection, 163, 163t
food insecurity and subsistence farming in,
5-6, 7f
foresight exercises for, 158
See also Central and Eastern Europe; Eu-
rope; European Union; NAE region;
entries under "NAE" and "Europe"
Ecologically-based pest management (EBPM),
235
Ecological management
agroecosystem analysis, 124
agroecosystems, 16, 127, 180, 210, 226-27,
229, 235
ecosystem approach to natural resources
management, 124-25, 125b, 239
ecosystem-oriented AKST innovation sys-
tem, 154,198-99,210
environmental sustainability via, 226-46,
230b, 232b, 233b, 234b, 236b, 237t, 245f
and evolutionary sciences, 210
Economic development
and agrifood systems, 14-16
as AKST driver, 164
environmental costs of, 8
and farm structure, 22
NAE concepts and ideas about, 10
and natural resources, 12-14
overview, 8-9, 10-12
social issues, 241^6
Economic migration, 12
Economic modeling, 223 b
Economic policies
agrifood systems and economic signals,
14-15
and AKST, 2
global strategy for a low carbon economy,
218-21,220t
impact in NAE, 80-81, 92-99, 93f, 94ff,
94t, 95f, 96f, 97t, 98ff, 99f, 100t
price supports, 30, 31-33, 93

supply control, 30, 31, 32, 81, 145
tariffs, 5, 16, 30, 32, 175, 222b
See also Subsidies
Economic Research Service (ERS) of the
USD A, 160
Ecosystem approach to natural resources man-
agement, 124-25, 125b, 239. See also
Ecological management
Ecosystem-oriented AKST innovation system,
154, 198-99, 210
Educational institutions
for farmers, 250-51
links between research and, 251
research approaches for, 213
student interests, 137-138
trends and uncertainties, 172
university trends in research, 153, 167-68,
179-80
See also Research and development
EEC (European Economic Community), 11
EFMN (European Foresight Monitoring Net-
work), 157
Energy
as AKST driver, 4-5
and bioenergy trends and issues, 191—92
resources in NAE region, 13
wind energy, 47
See also Biofuels
Energy efficiency of supply chains, 214, 220-
21,231
Energy efficient food and farming systems,
230-31, 230b
Environmental impacts
agricultural industry changes, 90-92, 91f
agriculture and AKST, 80, 81-92, 83f, 83t,
84t, 89f, 89t, 91f, 99, 100t, 210
animal production changes, 87—88
aquaculture systems, 80, 88-90, 89 f, 89t
cropping systems, 80, 82-87, 83f, 83t, 84t
economic development, 8
farm size and structure changes, 87
fertilizers, 84
field drainage, 84-85
food and farming, 81-92, 83f, 83t, 84t, 89f,
89t, 91f
forest management changes, 90
genetic engineering, 80, 85-86
grassland loss, 82, 84-85, 91, 188, 188f
growing biofuel crops, 80, 87
irrigation, 85
mechanization, 80, 86—87
methane, 88
pesticide usage, 84
soil management, 82-84, 83f, 83t, 84t
veterinary medicine use, 88
Environmental quality
and aquaculture, 60-61
awareness of, 22
certification of forest management, 263-64
degradation of, 2, 8, 9
from ecological management, 226^6,
230b, 232b, 233b, 234b, 236b, 237t,
245f
enhancement goals, 8
environmental sustainability via ecologi-
cal management, 226—46, 230b, 232b,
233b, 234b, 236b, 237t, 245f