230 | Index

Biodiversity
AKST responses to changes in, 102–3
declines in on-farm biodiversity, 58
health effects of diminishment of, 60
intellectual property rights and, 179–80
policies for, 202–3
self-training and, 204
in situ protection of, 106
strategy development, 175–76
in technogarden scenario, 154–55, 157
transgenic risks, protection from, 203
See also Agrobiodiversity; Sustainability
Biodiversity Convention, 179
Biodiversity products, commercial exploitation
of, 175–76
Bioenergy and agrofuels
in adaptive mosaic scenario, 152
food security and, 203
regional trends, 41–42
research on contributions to, 174–75
Biopharmaceutical crops in Mexico, 40b–41b
Bio-piracy, 203
Biosafety, 125, 140, 141, 143
Biosecurity, 173
Biotechnology
in adaptive mosaic scenario, 152
advances in, 106–7
basic research and, 91–94
breadth of, 87n17
in global orchestration scenario, 138–39
intellectual property and, 202–3
in order from strength scenario, 142–43
poverty and, 92b
Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute
(EMBRAPA), 183
Bt toxin, 39
C
Campesino system
AKST impact on, 105–6
effectiveness of, 105–6
Movimiento Campesino a Campesino
(Farmer to Farmer Movement), 27b,
55, 89
See also Traditional/indigenous system
Capacity-building
AKST actors, capacity strengthening for,
181
evaluation of AKST impact, 182
financing for, 208
food sovereignty, models to guarantee, 180
governance models, 178
intellectual property rights, 179–80
knowledge-sharing mechanisms,
institutional, 176–77
local, 199
marketing systems to link food producers
and consumers in peri-urban areas,
180–81
organizational models, 177–78
public policy formation, participation of
AKST systems in, 182–83
R&D networks, strengthening, 177
research, participatory approach to, 177
social movements and AKST, interaction
of, 179
teaching curricular, restructuring,
181–82
    Carbon dioxide
emissions, 42
fertilizing effect, 25
from human sources, 205
Carbon emissions
from Amazon burning, 172
from deforestation, 24
energy inefficiency and, 42
Carbon sequestration
agroecological system and, 55
as environmental service, 156
research for, 174
Carbon sinks, 205
CARDI (Caribbean Agricultural Research and
Development Institute), 81
Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 81
Caribbean region
countries and areas, 10t
deforestation in, 23–24, 24t
land conversion from agriculture to tourism
in, 36b–37b
land use, 32t, 33–35, 33f
medicinal herbs and plants in, 31b
production growth rates, 98t
sustainability and food security in Cuba, 53b
women in agriculture in, 193b
CARICOM (Caribbean Community), 81
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 10, 41, 203
Cattle. See Livestock farming
Central America and Mexico region
(Mesoamerica)
agrobiodiversity, 29
agroecological resistance to hurricanes, 27b
area under indigenous control, 46t
biopharmaceutical crops in Mexico,
40b–41b
climate, 25, 25t
countries and areas, 10t
deforestation in, 23–24, 24t, 57
land use, 32t, 33, 33f, 34–35
learning partnerships in, 83
mosaic landscape in, 170
Patronatos in Mexico, 79b
production growth rates, 98t
CGAP (Consultative Group to Assist the Poor),
207
CGIAR (Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research), 82, 83b, 205f
Chains of production
in adaptive mosaic scenario, 151
AKST impact on, 108
in life as it is scenario, 148
in technogarden scenario, 158
Children, 62
Chinampas, 50
CIALs (Local Agricultural Research
Committees), 83b
CIAT (International Center for Tropical
Agriculture), 83b
CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center), 83b, 91
Civil society
AKST system, role in supporting, 90b
legal frameworks to protect, 196
participatory democracy and, 9
Patronatos and, 79b
policies for stakeholder participation, 195–99
See also Stakeholders

  Climate change
in adaptive mosaic scenario, 149, 152
agriculture and, 24–26
current and future temperature and
precipitation, 25t
current situation, 126t–127t
energy inefficiency and, 42
in global orchestration scenario, 138
greenhouse gases (GHG), 202, 206
in life as it is scenario, 144, 146
options on, 174
in order from strength scenario, 140, 142
policies for, 205–6
research and, 102
by scenario (overview), 132t
in technogarden scenario, 154, 157
as variable, 117t
Coastal and marine ecosystems, environmental
impacts on, 59
Codex Alimentarius, 10, 32, 55
Collective intellectual property rights, 179–80
Colonialism, 45, 46–47, 193
Commodity price trends, 108f
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), 29
Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR),
21, 107
Competitive funds, 100–101, 210
Competitiveness
in adaptive mosaic scenario, 149
AKST impact on, 108
current situation, 126t
in life as it is scenario, 143
in order from strength scenario, 143
by scenario (overview), 132t
in technogarden scenario, 158
as variable, 116t
Concentrated model, 178
CONDESAN (Consortium for the Sustainable
Development of the Andean Ecoregion),
83b
Conglomerates, AKST impact on, 108
Consensus-building, 89, 95, 198
Consortium for the Sustainable Development of
the Andean Eco-region (CONDESAN),
83b
Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR), 82, 83b, 205f
Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP),
207
Consumer demand
current situation, 126t
in global orchestration scenario, 125, 138
in order from strength scenario, 140
by scenario (overview), 132t
in technogarden scenario, 157
as variable, 117t
Consumers, AKST impact on, 107
Contamination. See Environmental impacts
Conventional/productivist system
AKST impact on, 106
characteristics, 7, 8t
development policies and, 192
environmental mitigation improvement, 173
impacts of, 56–62
mechanistic outlook, 47–48, 47f
policies for sustainability, 200
productivity of, 51–52
sustainability of, 54–55