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Index|151

Genetic resources: indigenous animal breeds,
    15; maximizing potential, 116–117;
    protecting, 29, 116–117. See also Crop
    genetic resources
Germplasm: conservation, 67–68; crops, 67–68;
    gene banks, 67–68; tree germplasm, 67. See
    also Agricultural biodiversity
Globalization and trade, 71–75
Golden rice, 100
Governance and agriculture: coordination
    needs, 99; decentralization, 106–107; “good
    governance” description, 99; institutional
    environment and, 99; policy/regulation role,
    99; value chain development, 99
Grass fallows, 22
Green Revolution, 20, 50, 55
Groundnut, 22–23
Guinea Forest of West Africa: biodiversity, 4;
    forest cover, 5
H
Habitat: degradation/loss with deforestation,
    35, 84; “push-pull” habitat management
    (IPM), 25–26
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
    (HACCP), 74
Health of humans: agrochemicals, 15, 25, 26,
    52, 110; biomass use, 39; improving, 98,
    122–123; landless (livestock production)
    systems, 31; standards for physician
    numbers, 9. See also Diseases
Herbicides: tolerant varieties, 57; use, 25
HIV/AIDS: country effects, 9, 52; demographic
    impact, 2, 9; effects on individuals, 51;
    effects on women, 9, 50, 51–52; impacts
     on productivity, 9, 51–52, 57, 113, 123;
     nutrition and, 123, 123b; responding to
    epidemic, 123b; statistics, 9, 51
Horticultural crops/industry: description, 23–
    24, 57, 93t; predictions, 90, 92–93
I
IAASTD: direct drivers, 2, 3f; framework, 2–3,
   3f; indirect drivers, 2–3, 3f
IARC (International Agricultural Research
    Center), 55–56, 65, 104b
ICRAF (International Centre for Research in
    Agroforestry), 18, 55
IITA (International Institute of Tropical
    Agriculture), 18, 20, 23, 55, 105
ILRI (International Livestock Research
   Institute), 18, 55, 111
Indigenous livestock breeds, 15, 27, 28
Information and communications technology
    (ICT): Agricultural Market Information
    Systems (AMIS), 107; cell phone
    technology, 59–60, 59f; disparities in,
   51, 52, 59, 60, 83, 105; Internet, 60, 61f;
   market information, 105; potential, 51;
   service competition, 59f; status, 59–60;
   women and, 52
Infrastructure: energy and, 58–59; ICT,
   59–60, 59f, 61f; inadequacies, 51, 57,
   58; investment and, 57; processing, 59;
   storage, 59; transportation, 57–58; water
   management and, 58
Innovations Systems Framework, 103

   Innovation system definition, 103–104
Insect pests: Bt resistance, 57; postharvest
    storage, 24. See also Pesticides
In situ conservation, 29, 67, 98, 116, 117
In situ technology, 67
Institutional capacity, 50
Integrated Agriculture Research for
    Development, 103
Integrated approaches: crop management
    (ICM), 102; importance of, 50, 110–111;
    soil fertility management, 111; water
    resources management, 19
Integrated pest management (IPM): description,
    25; participatory approach, 101, 102. See
    also Biological control
Intellectual property rights (IPR): genetic
    resources, 116; golden rice example, 100;
inadequacies, 57; partnerships and, 100;
    patents, 105; seed supply, 21
Intercropping, 26, 63
International Agricultural Research Center
    (IARC), 55–56, 65, 104b
International Center for Tropical Agriculture
    (CIAT), 20, 55, 102
International Centre for Research in
    Agroforestry (ICRAF), 18, 55
International Crops Research Institute for the
    Semiarid Tropics (ICRISAT), 18, 20, 21,
    55, 104b
International Foundation for Science, 53
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
    (IITA), 18, 20, 23, 55, 105
International Livestock Research Institute
    (ILRI), 18, 55, 111
International Maize and Wheat Improvement
    Center (CIMMYT), 20, 112
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), 20
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
    for Agriculture and Food, 105
Internet, 60, 61f
Introduced species. See Alien invasive species;
    Alien species
IPM. See Integrated pest management (IPM)
IRD (French Research Institute for
    Development), 53, 55
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), 20
Irrigation: failures, 19; farming systems
   description, 8; history, 19; improving, 112,
    113; managing, 58; need for increasing, 15,
    18–19; overview, 19; private systems, 19;
    public support, 19; statistics comparison,
    15, 19; use, 15, 19, 58; water and
    productivity, 66
IUCN (World Conservation Union), 61
K
Kilimanjaro mountain, 5
Kwashiorkor, 23
Kyoto protocol, 93, 119
L
Lagos Plan of Action, 54, 107
Land cover, 7f, 16
Land degradation: causes, 62, 111–112;
    climate and, 111, 112; climate change and,
    111; costs, 109–110; desertification, 3, 4;
     improvement possibilities, 83; livestock		        production, 111–112; loss, 4; problem
    description, 3–4, 50, 83, 98, 109–110;
    statistics, 4, 62; technology and, 110
Landless (livestock production) systems, 31
Land management: with colonialism, 16–17;
    overview, 16–17; pre-colonial Africa, 16;
    traditional/local knowledge, 18
Land policy, 108b
Land-tenure systems: evolution, 16–17; impacts
    on land, 4; natural resource management,
    115–116; reforms, 17, 82, 115; women and,
    108, 115
Land use: biodiversity threats and, 2, 5;
    statistics, 2, 3t
Land use for agriculture: by country, 16;
    statistics, 2, 3t, 15, 16
Languages: colonialism and, 8, 9; diversity
    of, 9, 101; English, 8, 9; French, 8, 9;
    “linguistic divide,” 101
Liquid biofuels, 16, 40, 86
Livelihoods: agriculture, 2, 3, 10; fisheries,     36–37
Livestock diversity conservation, 117
Livestock production: breeding strategies,
    27, 28; dairy production, 27, 30, 31, 90;
    demand/meeting demand, 31, 83, 90, 92f,
    93f; description, 27; disease resistance, 33;
     diseases, 15, 27, 32–34, 68, 112; dowry
    use, 27, 28; draft power, 28, 31; dry vs.
    wet environments, 15–16; environmental
    harm, 27; ethnoveterinary studies, 68;
    genetic resources conservation, 29;
    genetic resources management, 29; genetic
    resources status, 15, 28; herder-farmer
    conflicts, 16, 17; history, 27–28; immediate
    products, 31; indeterminate products, 31;
    indigenous breeds, 15, 27, 28; intermediate
    products, 31; land degradation and, 111–
    112; overgrazing, 5, 111, 112b; poultry,
    28, 32, 34, 90; priorities, 28; production
   systems classification, 29–31; productivity,
    31–32, 32t; social obligations/uses, 27, 28;
    soil fertility and, 27; species introduction
    to Africa, 67; statistics, 27; unprocessed
    products, 31–32; water supply, 66; wildlife
    interface, 32. See also Pastoralism
    Local Agricultural Research Committee     (CIAL),
    102
    Local knowledge. See Traditional/local
    knowledge
    Locust plagues, 25, 56
M
MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment), 84,
    116
Maize, 22–23
Maize-mixed farming system, 8
Malaria, 9, 51
Malnutrition: in children, 2, 9, 100; by country,
    9; protein energy malnutrition, 23; statistics
    on, 2, 9; urban areas, 122
Mangroves degradation, 39
Markets: access, 106; development, 106; farmer
    disconnect with, 98, 105, 106; improving
    connection with farmers, 106; improving
    performance, 107; infrastructure and trade,
    72–73, 75; infrastructure improvement,
    106–107; instability, 35. See also Trade
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