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150 | Index
Coffee production: biological control, 26; |
E East Africa Seed Committee (EASCOM), 21 East Coast Fever (ECF), 33 Eastern Arc Mountain Forests, 4 Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), 107, 108b Economy: by country, 10; inequality measures/ comparisons, 10t; structural transformation, 98; trends, 9–10 Economy of agriculture: effects on poverty, 2, 10; GDP trends, 10; transportation infrastructure, 57–58; trends, 10, 53–54. See also Research and development investments Ecoregion definition, 37 Ecosystem services: biodiversity, 4–5, 66–67; by ecosystems, 94f; from forests, 5; payment for (PES), 82, 93, 98; water resources competition, 114 Education: “linguistic divide,” 101; needs, 83; post-independence period, 42; trends, 42; women, 10, 42, 107, 108 Education in agriculture: agrochemicals use, 15, 110; donor-assisted programs, 53; farmer field schools (FFS), 103; investment needs, 50, 83; overview, 53. See also AKST; Extension programs/services Electricity, 59, 86, 89 El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 5 Energy: agricultural requirements/consumption, 87; electricity, 59, 86, 89; overview, 58–59; predictions on future needs, 86; sustainable production, 87–89. See also Bioenergy; Biomass Ethanol fuel/potential, 40, 86, 87f Ethnoveterinary medicine/studies, 68 EurepGAP standards, 74 Ex situ conservation/collection, 29, 116, 117 Ex situ technology/innovation, 67 Extension programs/services: agent education, 53; commodity approach, 53; general approach, 53; HIV/AIDS effects on, 52; improving, 103; “linguistic divide,” 101; private extension services, 103; shortcomings, 103; subsistence farming and, 103; training and visit (T&V) systems, 53; trends, 42; women and, 42, 52–53, 98, 107, 108 F Fair trade, 16, 74 Fallows: research on, 63; types, 22, 63 FARA (Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa), 50, 54, 55, 99, 104, 104b Farmer field schools (FFS), 103 Farming systems: “basket” of technology choices, 98, 102; diversity of, 15, 102; precolonialism to colonialism, 16–17; types overview, 8 Fermentation: genetically engineered microorganisms, 27; for processing foods, 26, 27 Fertilizers, synthetic: “blanket high dose,” 110; phosphorus, 110; productivity and, 18, 62; recommendations on, 110; use, 17–18, 110. See also Chemicals; Soil fertility Firewood. See Biomass |
Fisheries: African provinces, 37; alien invasive species, 38–39, 82; biodiversity, 37, 38, 39, 89; biodiversity loss, 89; eco-labels, 90; fish consumption per person, 36, 86; food demand, 36, 37, 120–121; GDP by country, 89f; illegal technologies, 36, 121; improving management, 121–122; mismanagement, 36, 37, 37b, 39, 98, 121; Nile perch bans, 25; nutritional security, 15, 36; overfishing, 36, 37, 83, 98; overview, 36–39, 89–90; potential, 39; predictions, 89, 90t; productivity, 36–37; protein source, 36, 120; regulations, 36, 37, 90, 121. See also Aquaculture Floriculture, 90, 92, 93t Fodder shrubs, 63–64, 119 Food deficit, 2 Food imports, 90 Food prices and bioenergy, 87 Food security: aquaculture, 82; arable land and, 15; bioenergy, 87; HIV/AIDS, 51, 52; insecurity statistics, 36; Lagos Plan of Action, 54, 107; participatory approaches, 101; policies and, 82; processing/storing food and, 26, 59; water and, 15; wildlife/ livestock disease control, 34. See also Nutritional security Food systems: assessment approaches, 82–83; key messages, 82 Forest fallows, 22 Forest Guards, 85b Forests: assessments, 84; biodiversity, 34, 84; certification, 119; energy and, 39–40, 120; export policies, 35; future productivity, 84, 86; global land area, 34; illegal logging, 5; importance of, 5, 83–84, 86, 118; land area statistics, 5; Madagascar, 5; management needs, 16; mismanagement, 119; nontimber forest products (NTFPs), 118; nonvalue added products, 36; non-wood forest products (NWFPs), 84; over-harvesting, 83, 119; overview, 5; participatory forest management, 84, 85b, 86, 119; payment for ecosystem services (PES), 119; plantation forests, 34, 64; poaching in, 5; pressures on, 35; scenarios predictions, 84; sustainable use/management, 35, 36, 85b; tree density, 64. See also Agroforestry; Biomass; Deforestation Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), 50, 54, 55, 99, 104, 104b French Research Institute for Development (IRD), 53, 55 G Gender issues: with agroforestry, 120; cash crops, 41, 41b, 52, 53; decision making, 2, 9, 53; farm household roles, 40–41, 41b. See also Women’s issues Gene banks, 15, 29, 67–68, 116 Genetically modified/organisms (GM/GMOs): arguments against, 21; biosafety policies, 21, 51, 57, 68–70; Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, 21, 51; EU and, 68; patents and, 68, 105; production/trade, 57, 68; seed industry, 57; South Africa, 21, 57, 68, 69– 70. See also Biosafety of GM/GMOs |
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