domestic livestock and wildlife, it is now known that infection is from cattle to wildlife and not vice versa. This means that elimination of the disease in domestic livestock leads finally to eradication in wildlife and finally from all animals in a specified area (OIE, 2007). It should be noted that viral diseases are easy to eradicate once an effective vaccine has been identified and appropriate vaccination programs are in place. The question is whether or not the rinderpest control/ eradication strategy can be applied to other livestock and diseases.

Theileriosis. Theileriosis of cattle in Africa, particularly East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva protozoa and transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks has undoubtedly had more impact on the development of the cattle industry, veterinary infrastructure, legislation and policies and veterinary research than any other livestock disease complex in Africa. Theileriosis affects both cattle and buffalo and it is now generally accepted that Theileria parva parva is a cattle-adapted variant of Theileria parva lawrenci in buffalo. Infection in buffalo is generally dormant, but in cattle it causes very high mortality rates, making cattle farming in the presence of buffalo and a suitable vector a hazardous undertaking (Norval et al., 1992).

Theileriosis was first recognized in Southern Africa during the colonial period, when it was introduced at the beginning of the century with cattle imported from eastern Africa, where the disease has been endemic for centuries. Although the disease was eradicated from most southern African countries, it has persisted in eastern Africa and, it has expanded in recent years, particularly at the periphery of its distribution in Sudan and Zambia (Henning, 1956).

During the colonial era, cases of ECF were treated by inoculation of susceptible cattle with blood from a sick or recovered animal. Although this method worked in some cases, its effect on overall disease control was limited (Henning, 1956). Different communities in SSA have practiced traditional veterinary medicine in the treatment of ECF since pre-colonial times and, some of the remedies have been quite effective (Bizimana, 1994; Minja, 1994; Sindiga et al., 1995; Kambewa et al., 1997; Wanyama, 1997; Dery et al., 1999; Minja and Allport, 2001). The colonists introduced dipping schemes in early 1900, whereby cattle were dipped in acaricides to control the vector ticks, a practice which proved to be quite effective and has been in use up to now.

Although dipping can fully control ticks if applied appropriately, the method has been unpopular lately due to many factors, namely, the development of tick resistance to the acaricides in use, pollution to the environment, presence of alternative hosts and the ever rising costs of acaricides. Effective vaccines have been developed, both against the tick and the parasite (Jacobsen, 1991; Willadsen, 2002). Breeding of tick resistant cattle is another development that has been introduced to combat tick-borne diseases (TBD), particularly ECF (de Castro and Newson, 1993). However, it has now been appreciated that integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases is the only viable way of combating tick-borne diseases. In this approach, the different methods are used in combination, to achieve maximum results with minimum environmental effects (FAO, 1998). Unlike rinder-

pest, eradication of theileriosis has not been easy. While an effective vaccine for rinderpest, which is a viral disease, has been found, parasitic vaccines are more difficult to make and, normally, are less effective. In addition, both the tick vector and the disease are shared by wildlife and livestock and control in wildlife is not possible (Norval et al., 1992). Efforts have therefore been directed at reasonable control, rather than eradication of theileriosis.

Trypanosomiasis. Trypanosomiasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease affecting wildlife, domestic livestock and humans. The disease in animals is called nagana, while in humans it is sleeping sickness. It is caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma and transmitted by tsetse flies of the genus Glossina. Trypanosomiasis profoundly limits the development of the livestock industry. Many species of antelope, buffalo, warthog, hippopotamus, elephant and rhinoceros are capable of surviving in tsetse fly belts and frequently have significant infection rates with various Trypanosoma species, thus serving as excellent maintenance hosts for nagana (Morrison et al., 1981).There are 37 tsetse-infested countries in SSA; of the 212 million cattle in this region only a small percentage are located in tsetse-infested areas (which unfortunately are the fertile areas), whereas the remainder are distributed on the periphery (Hursey and Slingenbergh, 1995).

Trypanosomiasis and its vector the tsetse fly are indigenous to SSA and local farmers have practiced traditional veterinary medicine to control both the vector and the disease in livestock since pre-colonial times (Bizimana, 1994; Minja, 1994; Sindiga et al., 1995; Kambewa et al., 1997; Wanyama, 1997; Dery et al., 1999; Minja and Allport, 2001). The earlier colonialists who came to tsetse infested areas in SSA were highly affected by trypanosomiasis and suffered from sleeping sickness.

During the colonial era, methods introduced to control tsetse flies were rather undesirable, including the elimination of all game, cutting down of trees favored by tsetse flies and later use of chemicals by aerial spraying. With advances in AKST, more modern techniques were introduced, based on control of the vector by dipping cattle in insecticides to kill any flies that would land on treated cattle, use of traps and impregnated targets to catch tsetse flies and trypanocidal drugs to treat or prevent infection in animals. Trypanotolerant cattle, like the N’Dama of West Africa have also been identified and efforts are being made to propagate them for use in tsetse-infested areas (Paling and Dwinger, 1993).

African governments developed a new initiative, known as the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), which seeks to employ an area-wide approach and appropriate fly suppression methods to eradicate tsetse and, ultimately, create tsetse-free zones (Kabayo, 2002). Efforts have also been made at the international level—Program against African Trypanosomiasis (PAAT). PAAT, officially established in 1997, forms the umbrella for an inter-agency alliance comprised of FAO, IAEA, AU/ IBAR, WHO, research institutions, field programs, NGOs and donors. PAAT treats the tsetse/trypanosomiasis problem as an integral part of development and poverty alleviation in order to achieve positive and lasting results in