headwater stream ecosystyems. PNAS
104:16204-16208.
Roy, B.A. 2004. Rounding up the costs
and benefits of herbicide use. PNAS
101(39):13974-13975.
Royal Society. 2001. The use of genetically
modified animals. May 2001. Available
at www.royalsoc.ac.uk/document.
asp?tip=0&id=2430. Royal Society,
London.
Sage, C. 2003. Social embeddedness and
relations of regard: Alternative "good food"
networks in South West Ireland. J. Rural
Studies 19:47-60.
Sanvido, O., M. Stark, J. Romeis, and F. Bigler.
2006. Ecological impacts of genetically
modified crops: Experiences from ten
years of experimental field research and
commercial cultivation. ART-Schriftenreihe
1. Agroscope Reckenholz-Tanikon Res.
Station, Zurich.
Sauerbeck, D.R. 2001. CO  emissions and
C sequestration by agriculture—perspectives
and limitations. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst.
60:253-266.
Schultz, R. C., T.M. Isenhart, W.W. Simpkins,
and J.P. Colletti. 2004. Riparian forest
buffers in agroecosystems—lessons learned
from the Bear Creek Watershed, central
Iowa, USA. Agroforest. Syst. 61:35-50.
Sears, M.K., R.L. Hellmich, D.E. Stanley-Horn
et al. 2001. Impact of Bt corn pollen on
monarch butterfly populations: A risk
assessment. PNAS 98(21):11937-11942
Seppälä, A., P. Voutilainen, M. Mikkola,
A. Mäki-Tanila, et al. 2002. Ympäristö
ja eettisyys elintarviketuotannossa—
todentamisen ja tuotteistamisen haasteet.
(Environment and ethics in food
production—challenges of verification and
product development.) Selvityksiä 11. MTT,
Finland.
Seré, C., H. Steinfeld, andJ. Groenewold. 1996.
World livestock production systems: current
status, issues and trends. Animal Production
Health Pap. 127. FAO, Rome.
Shappell, N.W., L.O. Billey, D. Forbes,
M.E. Paoch, T.A. Matheny, G.B. Reddy,
et al. 2007. Estrogenic activity and steroid
hormones in swine wastewater through
a lagoon constructed-wetland system.
Environ. Sci. Tech. 41:444-450.
Siegel, P., T. Johnson, and J. Alwang.
1995. Regional economic diversity and
diversification. Growth and Change 21.
Sinclair, T.R. 1994. Limits to crop yield? p.
509-532. In K.J. Boone (ed), Physiology and
determination of crop yield. ASA, Madison.
Singer, M.J., and D.N. Warrington. 1992.
Crusting in the Western United States,
p. 179-204. In M.E. Sumner and B.A.
Stewart (ed), Soil crusting, chemical and
physical processes. Adv. Soil Sci. Lewis
Publ., Madison.
Sinkkonen, M. 2002. Impact of production
method and production area on energy
balance of rye consumption in Helsinki.

p. 33-42. In J. Magid et al. (ed), Urban
areas—Rural areas and recycling—The
organic way forward? Proc. NJF-seminar
No. 327. Copenhagen.
Smith, A., P. Watkiss, G. Tweddle, A. McKinnon,
et al. 2005. The validity of food miles as an
indicator of sustainable development. Final
Report. DEFRA. ED50254 Issue 7. Available
at http://statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/reports/
foodmiles/default.asp. Defra, London.
Somerville, L., and C.H. Walker (ed). 1990.
Pesticide effects on terrestrial wildlife. Proc.
Int. Workshop Terrestrial Field Testing of
Pesticides, Cambridge. Taylor & Francis,
London.
Spiecker, H. 2003. Silviculture management
in maintaining biodiversity and resistance
of forests in Europe—temperate zone. J.
Environ. Manage. 76:55-65.
Stoate, C., N.D. Boatman, R.J. Borralho, C. Rio
Carvalho, G.R. de Snoo, and P. Eden. 2001.
Ecological impacts of arable intensification
in Europe. J. Environ. Manage. 63(4):
337-365.
Stoddart, L.A., A.D. Smith, and T.W. Box.
1975. Range management. 3rd ed. McGraw
Hill, New York.
Stofferahn, C. 2006. Industrialized farming and
its relationship to community well-being.
Update of a 2000 Report by L. Lobao
for State of North Dakota, Office of the
Attorney General for the case State of North
Dakota vs. Crosslands. September. Available
at www.und.nodak.edu/org/ndrural/
Lobao%20&%20Stofferahn.pdf.
Stotzky, G, 2004 . Persistence and biological
activity in soil of the insecticidal proteins
from Bacillus thuringiensis, especially from
transgenic plants. Plant Soil 266(1-2):77-89
Sumelius, J., and K.M. Vesala (ed). 2005.
Approaches to Social Sustainability in
Alternative Food Systems. Rep. Ecol. Agric.
47. Centre Sustainable Agric., Swedish Univ.
Agric. Sciences, Uppsala.
Sundkvist, Å., R. Milestad, and A. Jansson.
2005. On the importance of tightening
feedback loops for sustainable development
of food systems. Food Policy 30(2):224-239.
Tait, J. 2001. Pesticide regulation, product
innovation and public attitudes. J. Environ.
Monitor. 3:64n-69n.
Tamminga, S. 2003. Pollution due to nutrient
loss and its control in European animal
production. Livestock Production Sci.
84:101-111.
Tanji, K.K. (ed). 1990. Agricultural salinity
assessment and management. ASCE
Manuals and Rep. Engineering No. 71.
ASCE, New York.
Thompson, E. 1986. Small is bountiful: The
importance of small farms in America.
American Farmland Trust, USD A,
Washington, DC.
Thurman, E.M., D.A. Goolsby, M.T. Meyer,
M.S. Mills, M.L. Pomes, and D.W. Koplin.
1992. A reconnaissance study of herbicides
and their metabolites in surface-water

of the Midwestern United States using
immunoassay and gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Tech.
26:2440-2447.
Tilman, D. 1999. Global environmental impacts
of agricultural expansion: the need for
sustainable and efficient practices.PNAS
96(11):5995-6000.
Tilman, D., J. Hill, and C. Lehman. 2006.
Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input
high-diversity grassland biomass. Science
314:1598-1600.
Troell, M., A. Neori, T, Chopin, and A.H.
Buschman. 2005. Biological wastewater
treatment in aquaculture—more than just
bacteria. World Aquacult. 36(1):27-29.
Umali, D.L. 1993. Irrigation-induced salinity:
A growing problem for development and
environment. World Bank, Washington, DC.
UK. 2005a. Agriculture in the United Kingdom
2005—Table 4.1. UK price indices for
products and inputs. The Stationery Office,
London.
UK. 2005b. Agriculture in the United Kingdom
2005—Table 6.1. UK farmers' share of
the value of a basket of food items. The
Stationery Office, London.
UNECE. 2005. United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe: Employment by
Country, Measurement, Activity and Year.
Available at http://w3.unece.org/pxweb/
DATABASE/STAT/20-ME/3-MELF/3-MELF.
asp. UNECE, Brussels.
UNEP. 2004. GEO yearbook 2003. UNEP,
Nairobi.
USD A. 2003. Animal welfare act and regulations.
Available at http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/
legislat/usdaleg1.htm. Animal Welfare
Information Center. USD A, Washington, DC.
USD A. 2004. Agriculture and forestry
greenhouse gas inventory: 1990-2001. Tech.
Bull. 1907. Available at http://www.usda.
gov/oce/global_change/gg_inventory.htm.
USD A, Washington, DC.
USD A. 2005. Processed food trade pressured
by evolving global supply chains. Available
at http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/
February05/Features/ProcessedFood.htm.
USD A, Washington, DC.
USD A. 2005a. Global traceability and labeling
requirements for agricultural biotechnology-
derived products: Implications for the
United States. Advisory Comm. Biotech.
21st century agriculture consensus report.
June 2005. USDA, Washington, DC.
USD A. 2008. U.S. trade exports & imports—
FATUS commodity aggregations. Available at
http://www.fas.usda.gov/ustrade/USTExFatus.
asp?QI=. USDA, Washington DC.
USDA-NRCS. 2003. National range and
pasture handbook. Rev. 1. USDA-NRCS.
Available at http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/.
USDA, Washington, DC.
USDA-USFS. 1999. Issues and examples of forest
ecosystem health concerns. Update. Available
at http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/. USDA-
USFS, Washington, DC.