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2

Akst Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, Effectiveness and Impact

Coordinating Lead Authors:
Hugo Cetrangolo (Argentina) and Jesús Moncada (Mexico)

Lead Authors:
Hernando Bernal (Colombia), Cecilia Gelabert (Argentina), Marcelo Regúnaga (Argentina), and Mario Samper (Costa Rica)

Contributing Authors:
Antonio Castro (Brazil), David E. Williams (USA)

Review Editor:
Celia Harvey (US)

  
2.1 Inventory, Characterization and Evolution of the AKST System and Its Interactions 77
  2.1.1 Local and third sector organizations 77
  2.1.2 National organizations 78
  2.1.3 Regional organizations, international centers and other regional cooperation mechanisms 80
  2.1.4 Institutional and administrative constraints in national AKST systems 82
  2.1.5 The evolution of the AKST system 86
  2.1.6 Interactions between organizations and knowledge networks 87
  2.1.7 Society's perception of AKST systems 89
2.2 Research Approach, Agenda and Processes 89
  2.2.1 The AKST system agenda 89
  2.2.2 Clients of the AKST system 91
  2.2.3 Research styles 91
  2.2.4 Priority research processes 94
  2.2.5 Monitoring and assessment of institutional performance regarding AKST 94
  2.2.6 Knowledge, science and technology from an agroecological perspective 95
2.3 Financial Resources and Administration of the AKST system 95
  2.3.1 Development and impact of investment in AKST 95
  2.3.2 AKST funding amounts, trends and consequences 98
  2.3.3 Consequences of reduced financing 98
  2.3.4 Changes in approaches to mobilizing resources 100
  2.3.5 Support institutions 101
2.4 Responses of the AKST systems to Changes in the Most Influential Contextual Variables 101
  2.4.1 Water 101
  2.4.2 Biodiversity 102
  2.4.3 Soils 103
  2.4.4 The social variable 103
  2.4.5 Policies 103
  2.4.6 Markets 105
2.5 Effectiveness and Impact of the AKST System 105
  2.5.1 On production systems 105
    2.5.1.1 The traditional indigenous and campesino systems 105
    2.5.1.2 The agroecological production system 106
    2.5.1.3 The conventional system 106
  2.5.2 On the advancement of knowledge and innovation systems 106
  2.5.3 On consumers 107
  2.5.4 Social aspects 107
  2.5.5 On the competitiveness of chains and conglomerates, and on territorial development 108
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