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126 | Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) Report

Table 3-3. Selected indicators: current situation of variables.

Variable

Current situation

Source

Context variables for AKST systems and agricultural production systems

Tariff barriers

In LAC there are lower import tariffs, and no subsidies to exports and production
of goods compared to the both the World and rich countries.

Anderson y
Valenzuela, 2006

Non-tariff barriers

Agricultural exports are the most likely to be penalized with non-tariff barriers. This
effect is less in LAC than in the Middle East, North Africa, Europe, USA, Canada
and Japan. Agricultural exports are the most likely to be penalized with non-tariff
barriers. This effect is less in LAC than in the Middle East, North Africa, Europe,
USA, Canada and Japan.

Bora et al., 2002

Market competitiveness

Agricultural products: net-exporting countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile,
Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua; net-importing countries: Peru, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela,
El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and
Trinidad and Tobago. Foods: net-exporting countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay, Nicaragua; net-importing countries of foods and agricultural
products: Peru, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, El Salvador, Mexico,
Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.

-de Ferranti et al.,
2005
Demands from final
consumers
 Consumers increasingly demand better quality in foods. According to Renard
(1999) quality—in its manifold dimensions and meanings—is the factor that binds
together consumers, wholesalers, industry and farm production.
Renard, 1999
Epidemics/food
contamination
 In developed countries many episodes of transboundary diseases have been
recorded since the 1980s.
Jaffee et al.,
2005
  In LAC the foot-and-mouth disease and the avian flu are epizootics of much
concern because of their impacts on important sources of work and earnings for
rural communities. The capacity to quickly and effectively react to transboundary
diseases’ outbreaks would expose institutional weaknesses in many LAC countries
as well as agencies responsible for monitoring, prevention and sanitary control
of those kinds of diseases. The diverse agricultural production methods in use
decrease the effectiveness of international monitoring and harmonization of public
programmes for preventing and fighting transboundary diseases.
CEPAL, 2006
  In regards to avian flu a team from the Inter-American Development Bank
assessed the integration of agricultural and health measures before an outbreak of
that kind of disease. It is shown that the degree of that integration is greater in the
Southern Cone than in other regions of LAC (Central America, Andean countries
and Latin Caribbean). The countries in the Southern Cone show some differences
in the degree of integration among themselves. In regard to poultry consumption, it
accounts for 35% of meat consumption in LAC, 42% in Central America and 45%
in the Latin Caribbean. These relatively high percentages point to the existence of
a food insecurity risk in the event of an outbreak of avian flu.
Schneider et al.,
2007
  If the following three indicators—i.e., units for veterinary practice, available
personnel, and economic resources—were taken in account for combating footand-
mouth disease on an area basis in South America, each of Bolivia, Chile,
Guyana and Peru has two out of those three indicators with lower values than
in the rest of the continent. Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay are the less
vulnerable countries.
PANAFTOSA,
2006
Climate change
 Parameters related to agriculture. Severe environmental restrictions to dry land
farming in LAC 1961-1990: Central America and the Caribbean, 51% (mostly arid
lands); South America, 61.9% (poor soils). Lands without restrictions: 10% of
LAC. Average yield potential 1961-1990 (Mtons/year): Central America, 101; South
America, 543; developed countries, 0.002815.
Fischer et al.,
2005
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