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Agricultural Knowledge and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean: Plausible Scenarios for Sustainable Development | 127

Table 3-3. continued.

Variable

Current situation

Source

Governance and policies
in LAC

Political stability. Positive values for Chile, Costa Rica, Uruguay, Cuba and the
Dominican Republic; negative values for the rest of the countries, and particularly
small values for Haiti, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador,
Colombia, Guatemala and Peru. Government effectiveness: Positive values for
Chile, Trinidad and Tobago, Costa Rica, Uruguay, and Panamá; negative values for
the rest of the countries, and smaller values for Haiti, Ecuador, Cuba, the Bolivarian
Republic of Venezuela, Paraguay and Bolivia. Regulatory Quality: Positive values
for Colombia, Brasil, Peru, El Salvador, Panamá, Uruguay, México, Costa Rica,
Trinidad and Tobago and Chile; negative values for the rest of the countries, and
smaller values for Cuba, Haiti, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and Ecuador.
For all three indicators, positive values were given to Uruguay, Costa Rica, and
Chile, and negative ones to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Ecuador,
Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, Guayana, and Nicaragua.

Kaufmann et al.,
2006

 

Education: Education quality is assessed by the average number of students with
mathematical skills in three education levels: basic, primary and secondary. There
is a correlation between the quality values measured in urban and in rural students,
but in no case average values are greater in the rural students. Country-wise Cuba
shows high skill scores in both student populations (greater than 90%); Brasil,
Chile and Argentina reach 80% skill in urban students; the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela Paraguay, México, and Colombia show skill values ranging from 50%
to 70% for both urban and rural students. The rest of the countries—Perú, Bolivia,
Honduras, and the Dominican Republic—show values below 60% for both the
urban and rural students.

de Ferranti et al.,
2005

Advances in formal
knowledge

The private sector invests annually more than US$1.5 billion in biotechnology in a
large part of developed countries; public organizations doing agricultural research
in developing countries invest US$100-150 million per year; the CGIAR centers
invest about US$25 million per year; and the Rockefeller Foundation and other
non-profit organizations annually invest about US$40-50 million.

Byerlee and
Fischer, 2000
  Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Chile are the LAC countries with more firms,
publications and patents in biotechnology.
Niosi y Reid,
2007
  The largest investments in nanotechnology in 2004 were made in Europe (US$1.32
billion), North America (US$1.28 billion) and Asia (US$1.16 billion); in LAC
biotechnology as a whole received US$16.2 million from only three countries:
Mexico (61.7%), Brazil (35.8%) and Argentina (2.5%).
Simonis y
Schilthuizen,
2006
Traditional/indigenous
knowledge
 This knowledge is in steady progress. The following features distinguishes it from
occidental scientific knowledge: (1) it is verbally recorded and transmitted; (2) it is
nourished by observation and experience; (3) its cosmology is rooted in the view
that Nature is instilled with spirituality; (4) it is intuitive; (5) it is qualitative; (6) it is
based on data generated by its users and (7) it is grounded in a social context
which sees the world through multiple social and spiritual relationships among all
forms of life.
Dutfield, 2001
  The intellectual property of traditional knowledge of biodiversity, phyto-genetic
resources, and products derived from natural principles found in wild species by
indigenous communities and peoples is still an unsettled question.
WIPO, 2001
Variables of AKST systems
Focus of research
 There presently are three processes highly relevant for R+D in LAC and running
in six countries (Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Panamá, Peru and the Bolivarian Republic
of Venezuela). Those are concerned with high productivity; increase of resistance
to pests and diseases; and biological control of pests and diseases. The
management of water quality and use; survey and conservation in situ and ex situ
of germplasm; and management, zoning and conservationist agriculture are the
best assessed environmental subjects in LAC. The applications of biotechnology,
livestock and plant production were considered of greatest relevance.
Castro et al.,
2005; Lima
et al., 2005;
Santamaría G.
et al., 2005;
Ramirez-Gastón
R. et al., 2007;
Saldaña et al.,
2006
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