548 | IAASTD Global Report

impact assessment studies conducted in
the CGIAR, 1970-1999, prepared by M.P.
Feldmann. SPIA of Tech. Advisory Comm.
CGIAR, Mexico City.
Pingali, P.L., and P.W. Heisey. 2001. Cereal-crop
productivity in developing countries: Past
trends and future prospects. p. 56-82. In
J.M. Alston et al. (ed) Agricultural science
policy: Changing global agendas. Johns
Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P., N.R. de Londono, and
E. Hoover. 1976. The impact of increasing
food supply on human nutrition: implications
for commodity priorities in agricultural
research and policy. Am. J. Agric. Econ.
58(2):131-42.
Pinstrup-Andersen, P., and D. Franklin. 1977.
A systems approach to agricultural research
resource allocation in developing countries,
p. 416-35. In G.M. Arndt et al. (ed) Resource
allocation and productivity in national and
international agricultural research. Univ.
Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Porter, G. and K. Phillips-Howard. 1997.
Comparing contracts: An evaluation of
contract farming schemes in Africa. World
Dev. 25(2):227-238.
Pray, C.E. 1987. Private sector agricultural
research in Asia p 411-432. In V.W. Ruttan
and C.E. Pray (ed) Policy for agricultural
research. Westview, Boulder CO.
Pray, C.E. 2002. The growing role of the private
sector in agricultural research. In D. Byerlee
and R. Echeverría (ed) Agricultural research
policy in an era of privatization. CABI,
Wallingford.
Pray, C.E., and R.G. Echeverría. 1991.
Determinants and scope of private sector
agricultural research in developing countries,
p. 343-364. In P.G. Pardey et al. (ed)
Agricultural research policy: International
quantitative perspectives. Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge.
Pray, C.E., and K.O. Fuglie. 2001. Private
investments in agricultural research and
international technology transfer in Asia
ERS Agric. Econ. Rep. 805. ERS, USD A,
Washington DC.
Pray, C.E., and B. Ramaswami. 2001.
Technology, IPR, and reform options: A case
study of the seed industry with implications
for other input industries. Int. Food Agric.
Marketing Rev. Spec. Issue 2(3/4):407-420.
Pray, C.E., and L. Umali-Deininger 1998. The
private sector in agricultural research system:
Will it fill the gap? World Dev. 26(6):1127-
1148.
Pray, C.E., P. Bengali, and B. Ramaswami. 2005.
Costs and benefits of biosafety regulation in
India: A preliminary assessment. Quar. J. Int.
Agric. 44( 3):267-289.
Pray, C.E., D. Johnson, and K.O Fuglie. 2007.
Private sector research. In R.E. Evenson and
P. Pingali (ed) Handbook of agricultural
economics 3 -Agricultural development:
Farmers, farm production and farm markets.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.

 

Pray, C.E., S. Ribeiro, R.A.E. Mueller, and
P.P. Rao. 1991. Private research and public
benefit: The private seed industry for
sorghum and pearl millet in India. Res. Policy
20:315-324.
Premchand, A. 1993. Public expenditure
management. IMF, Washington DC.
Pretty, J.N. 2000. Towards sustainable food and
farming systems in industrialized countries.
Int. J. Agric. Resourc. Govern. Ecol. 1(1):
77-94.
Pretty, J.N., and A.S. Ball. 2001. Agricultural
influences on carbon emissions and
sequestration: A review of evidence and
the emerging trading options. Centre for
Environ. Society Occas. Pap. 2001-03. Univ.
Essex, UK.
Pretty, J.N. and R. Hine. 2001. Reducing food
poverty with sustainable agriculture: A
summary of new evidence. Final Report from
the SAFE-World (The Potential of Sustainable
Agriculture to Feed the World). Univ. Essex,
UK.
Pretty, J.N., A.S. Ball, L. Xiaoyun, and
N.H. Ravindranath. 2002. The role of
sustainable agriculture and renewable-
resource management in reducing
greenhouse-gas emissions and increasing
sinks in China and India. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
London A, 360:1741-1761.
Pretty, J.N., C. Brett, D. Gee, R.E. Hine,
C.F. Mason, J.I.L. Morison et al. 2000. An
assessment of the total external costs of UK
agriculture. Agric. Syst. 65:113-136.
Primavera, J.H. 1997. Socioeconomic impacts
of shrimp culture. Aquaculture Res. 28:815-
827.
Proops, J.L.R. 1989. Ecological economics:
Rationale and problem areas. Ecol.
Econ.1:59-76.
Psacharopoulos, G. 1994. Returns to investment
in education: A global update. World Bank,
Washington DC.
Qaim, M., A.J. Stein, and J.V. Meenakshi, 2006.
Economics of biofortification. A plenary
paper prepared for the Int. Assoc. Agric.
Economists (IAAE) Conf., Gold Coast,
Australia, 12-16 Aug.
Raitzer, D.A. 2003. Benefit-cost meta-analysis of
investment in the international agricultural
research centres of the CGIAR. CGIAR Sci.
Council Secretariat, Rome.
Reifschneider, F.J.B., U. Lele, and A.D.
Portugal. 1997. Strategies for financing
agricultural research in Brazil: Sustainable
and diversification for a competitive future.
Agric. Res. Extension Unit, World Bank,
Washington DC.
Robleto, M.L., and W. Marcelo. 1992. La deuda
ecológica. Una perspectiva sociopolítica.
Area Internacional, Inst. de Ecologia Política,
Santiago, Chile.
Rola, A.C., and P.L. Pingali. 1993. Pesticides,
rice productivity, and farmer's health:
An economic assessment. IRRI, Manila,
Philippines.
Rose-Ackerman, S., and R.E. Evenson. 1985.

 

The political economy of agricultural
research and extension: Grants, votes, and
reapportionment. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 67:1-14.
Rosegrant, M., and R.E. Evenson. 1993.
Agricultural productivity growth in Pakistan
and India: A comparative analysis. Pakistan
Dev. Rev. 32(4):433-438.
Rossi, P.H., and H.E. Freeman. 1993.
Evaluation: A systematic approach. Sage
Publ., Beverly Hills.
Rótolo, G.C., T. Rydberg, G. Lieblein, and
C. Francis. 2007. Emergy evaluation of
grazing cattle in Argentina's Pampas. Agric.
Ecosyst. Environ. 119:383-395.
Rukuni, M., M.J. Blackie, and C.K. Eicher. 1998.
Crafting smallholder-driven agricultural
research systems in Southern Africa. World
Dev. 26:1049-1056.
Ruttan, V.W. 1982. Agricultural research policy.
Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Ruttan, V.W. 2003. Social science knowledge
and economic development: An institutional
design perspective. Univ. Michigan Press,
Ann Arbor.
Santhakumar, V., and R. Rajagopalan. 1995.
Green revolution in Kerala ? A discourse
on technology and nature. South-Asia Bull.
15(2):109-119.
Schimmelpfennig, D., and G.W. Norton. 2003.
Measuring the benefits of international
agricultural economics research. Quar. J. Int.
Agric. 42(2):207-222.
Schimmelpfennig, D., C. O'Donnell, and
G.W. Norton. 2006. Efficiency effects of
agricultural economics research in the U.S.
Agric. Econ. 34(3):273-280.
Schuh, G.E. and H. Tollini. 1979. Costs and
benefits of agricultural research: State of the
arts. World Bank Staff Working Pap. 360.
World Bank, Washington DC.
Scobie, G.M. 1984. Investment in agricultural
research: Some economic principles. Working
Pap., CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico.
Scoones, I. 2003. Can agricultural biotechnology
be pro-poor? Democratizing biotechnology:
Genetically modified crops in developing
countries. Briefing 2. Inst. Dev. Studies,
Brighton, UK.
Scotchmer, S. 1999. On the optimality of the
patent renewal system. RAND J. Econ.
30(2):181-196.
Sexton, R.J. and T.A. Sexton. 1996. Measuring
research benefits in an imperfect market.
Agric. Econ. 13:201-204.
Shane, M., T. Roe, and M. Gopinath. 1998.
U.S. agricultural growth and productivity:
An economy wide perspective. USDA/
ERC Agric. Econ. Rep. AER-758. USDA,
Washington DC.
Shao, F.M. 1996. Funding of agricultural
research in Tanzania. In Funding agricultural
research in Sub-Saharan Africa. p 113-141.
In FAO (ed) Report of the FAO/SPAAR/
KARI expert consultation on funding of
agricultural research in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Kenya Agric. Res. Inst. (KARI), 6 -7 July
1993. FAO, Rome.