Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology: Investment and Economic Returns | 547

Lucca, P., R. Hurrell, and I. Potrykus. 2001.
Genetic engineering approaches to improve
the bioavailability and the level of iron in rice
grains. Theor. Appl. Genetics 102:392-397.
Lundvall, B.A. (ed.) 1992. National innovation
systems: Towards a theory of innovation and
interactive learning. Pinter, London.
Mansfield, E., J. Rapoport, A. Romeo, S.
Wagner, and G. Beardsley. 1977. Social
and private rates of return from industrial
innovations. Q. J. Econ. 91(2):221-240.
Maredia, M.K., and D. Byerlee. 2000. Efficiency
of research investments in the presence of
international spillovers: Wheat research in
developing countries. Agric. Econ. 22:1-16.
Maredia, M.K., D. Byerlee, and J.R. Anderson.
2001. Ex post evaluation of economic impacts
of agricultural research programs: A tour of
good practice. p. 5-42. In The future of impact
assessment in the CGIAR: Needs, constraints
and options. Proc. workshop organized by
SPIA of the Tech. Advisory Committee (TAC),
3-5 May 2000. FAO, Rome.
Mashelkar, R.A. 2005. Nation building through
science and technology: a developing world
perspective. 10th Zukerman Lecture, Roy.
Soc. London. Innov. Strategy Today 1:16-22.
Mayne, J. 1999. Addressing attribution through
contribution analysis using performance
measures sensibly. Disc. Pap. Off. Auditor
General of Canada, Ottawa.
McIntire, J. 1998. Coping with fiscal stress in
developing country agricultural research,
p. 81-96. In S. Tabor et al. (ed) Financing
agricultural research: A sourcebook. ISNAR,
The Hague.
McMahon, M. 1992. Getting beyond the
national institute model for agricultural
research in Latin America: A cross -country
study of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
Latin America and the Caribbean Tech. Dep.,
Reg. Studies Prog. Rep. 20. World Bank,
Washington DC.
Meenakshi, J.V., N. Johnson, V.M. Manyong,
H. De Groote, D. Yanggen, J. Javelosa et
al. 2006. Analyzing the cost-effectiveness of
biofortification: A synthesis of the evidence.
Paper presented at the Ann. AAEA Meeting,
Long Beach CA, 23-26July.
Mills, B.R., R. Hassan and P.G. Pardey. 1996.
Ex-ante benefits from site-specific agricultural
research: Maize in Kenya. p. 133-162. In
Global agricultural science policy for the
Twenty First Century. Melbourne, Australia,
26-28 Aug.
Minota, N., and L. Daniels. 2005. Impact of
global cotton markets on rural poverty in
Benin. Agric. Econ. 33(Suppl):453-466.
Mogues, T. 2006. Shocks, livestock asset
dynamics and social capital in Ethiopia.
DSGD Disc. Pap. 38. IFPRI, Washington DC.
Morris, M., and B. Ekasingh. 2002. Plant
breeding research and developing countries:
What roles for the public and private
sectors. In D. Byerlee and R. Echeverría (ed)
Agricultural research policy in an era of
privatization. CABI, Wallingford.

 

Morrison, J., D. Bezermer, and C. Arnold.
2004. Official development assistance to
agriculture. DFID, London.
Moyo, S., G.W. Norton, J. Alwang, I. Rhinehart,
and M. Deom. 2007. Peanut research
and poverty reduction: Impacts of variety
improvement to control peanut viruses in
Uganda. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 89(2):448-60.
Muliyar, M.K. 1983. Transfer of technology in
plantation crops. J. Plantation Crops 11(1):1-12.
Murray-Kolb, L.E., F. Takaiwa, F. Goto,
T. Yoshihara, E.C. Theil, and J.L. Beard,
2002. Transgenic rice is a source of iron for
iron-depleted rats. J. Nutr. 132:957-960.
Mutangaduraa, G., and G.W. Norton. 1999.
Agricultural research priority setting under
multiple objectives: An example from
Zimbabwe. Agric. Econ. 20(3): 277-286.
Mutungadura, G. 1997. Agricultural research
priority setting under multiple objectives:
The case of Zimbabwe. Ph.D. thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ.
Myers, N. 1999. The next green revolution:
Its environmental underpinnings. Curr. Sci.
76(4):507-513.
Nadiri, I. 1993. Innovations and technological
spillovers. NBER Working Pap. 4423. Nat.
Bur. Econ. Res., Boston.
Narayana, D. 1992. Interaction of Price and
technology in the presence of structural
specifications: An analysis of crop production
in Kerala. Ph.D. dissertation, Indian
Statistical Inst., Koltaka.
Nelson. R. 1959. The simple economics of basic
scientific research. J. Political Econ. 67:297-306.
Neupane, R.P., and G.B. Thapa. 2001. Impact
of agroforestry intervention on farm income
under the subsistence farming system of the
middle hills, Nepal. Agrofor. Syst. 53(1):
31-37.
North, C.D. 1991. Institutions. J. Econ. Perspect.
5(1):97-112.
Norton, G.W. andJ.S. Davis. 1981. Evaluating
returns to agricultural research: A review.
Am. Agric. Econ. 63(4) 685-699.
Norton, G.W., E.A. Heinrichs, G.C. Luther, and
M.E. Irwin (ed) 2005. Globalizing integrated
pest management: A participatory research
process. Blackwell, Ames IA.
Nutra Ingredients. 2006. BASF expands crop
biotech capabilities. [online] Available at
http://www.agbios.co m/main.php?action=Sho
wNewsItem&id=7558.
Oehmke, J.F., P. Anandajayasekeram, and
W.A. Masters. 1997. Agricultural technology
development and transfer in Africa: Impacts
achieved and lessons learned. USAID Tech.
Pap. 77. USAID, Washington DC.
Omamo, S.W., X. Diao, S. Wood, J. Chamberlin,
L. You, S. Benin et al. 2006. Strategic
priorities for agricultural development in
Eastern and Central Africa. Res. Rep. No.
150. IFPRI, Washington DC.
Oram, P., and V. Bindlish. 1983. Investment in
agricultural research in developing countries:
progress, problems, and the determination of
priorities. IFPRI, Washington DC.

 

Ortega, E., M. Miller, M. Anami, and P.R.
Beskow. 2001. From emergy analysis to
public policy: soybean in Brazil. Proc. Second
Biennial Emergy Res. Conf. 20-23 Sept.,
Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Osgood, D. 2006. Living the promise? The role
of the private sector in enabling small scale
farmers to benefit from agro-biotech. Int. J.
Tech. Global. 2(1/2):30-45.
PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization).
2002. Epidemiological situation of acute
pesticide poisoning in Central America 1992-
2000. Epidemiol. Bull. Pan Am. Health Org.
23:5-9.
Palmer-Jones, R., and K. Sen. 2006. It is
where you are that matters: The spatial
determinants of rural poverty in India. Agric.
Econ. 34:229-242.
Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, J.E. Christian, and S.
Fan. 1996. Hidden harvest: US benefits from
international research aid. Food Policy Rep.,
IFPRI, Washington DC.
Pardey, P.G., J.M. Alston, and R.R. Piggott (ed)
2006a. Agricultural R&D in the developing
world: Too little, too late? IFPRI, Washington
DC.
Pardey, P.G., and N.M. Beintema. 2001. Slow
magic: Agricultural R&D a century after
Mendel. IFPRI, Washington DC.
Pardey, P.G., N.M. Beintema, S. Dehmer, and
S. Wood. 2006b. Agricultural research: A
growing global divide? Food Policy Rep.
IFPRI, Washington DC.
Pardey, P.G., C. Chan-Kang, and J.M Alston.
2002. Donor and developing-country benefits
from international agricultural research:
Double dividend? IFPRI, Washington DC.
Pimentel, D. 1997. Economic and environmental
benefits of biodiversity. BioScience
47(11):747-758.
Pimentel, D., H. Acquay, M. Biltoneen, P. Rice,
M. Silva, J. Nelson et al. 1993a. Assessment
of environmental and economic impacts of
pesticide use. p. 46-84. In D. Pimentel and
H. Lehmann (ed) The pesticide question
- environment, economics, and ethics.
Chapman and Hall, London.
Pimentel, D., B. Berger, D. Filiberto, M. Newton,
B. Wolfe, E. Karabinakis et al. 2004. Water
resources: Agricultural and environmental
issues. Bioscience 54(10):909-918.
Pimentel, D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo,
K. Sinclair, D. Kurz, M. McNair et al. 1995.
Environmental and economic costs of soil
erosion and conservation benefits. Science
267(5201):1117-1123.
Pimentel, D., L. McLaughlin, A. Zepp,
B. Lakitan, T. Kraus, P. Kleinman et al.
1993 b. Environmental and economic effects
of reducing pesticide use in agriculture.
Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 46:273-288.
Pinero, M.E. 1984. An analysis of research
priorities in the CGIAR system: A discussion
paper. FAO, Rome.
Pingali. P.L. 2001. Milestones in impact
assessment research in the CGIAR, 1970-
1999. With an annotated bibliography of