Free-Air Concentration Enrichment (FACE) experiments, 189, 189 Frontier areas, 444, 445 Fuelwood: economic status and, 296; environ­mental/social problems, 192, 192; produc­tion/use, 296, 298 Future of agriculture/AKST assessment: bio­technology, 352-354; biotechnology/ biodiversity, 353-354; diseases, 346-347, 349; environmental sustainability, 355; food safety, 350-352; food security, 352; ICT, 349-350; malnourishment, 349; micronutri-ent deficiencies, 349; model interactions, 313-314, 313; model overview, 311; model selection, 310—313; natural resources sus­tainability, 355; poverty and equity, 354; reference run/world description, 309, 310, 314; scope overview, 309-310. See also Modeling
G
Game ranching, 154 GDP: projection comparisons, 264; regional GDP growth (2000-2015), 264; trends, 263, 264, 265 GDP per capita: as economic indicator, 263; growth, 265, 266; projections, 265 GEN-CGE model: applications, 310, 311, 314, 366; description, 311, 364, 366, 366; his­tory, 364; structure/data, 364, 366; uncer­tainty, 366 Gender (GEN)-Computable General Equilib­rium (CGE) Model. See GEN-CGE model Gender issues: agriculture and, 3, 45; AKST impact assessment, 210-211, 210, 211; gender trends in labor, 293; germplasm management, 88, 90; literacy rates in de­veloping countries, 28; natural resources management, 45^6; research investments/ outcomes, 530; Systemwide Program on Participatory Research and Gender Analy­sis, 45, 203; water resources management, 185. See also Women's issues; Women's issues in agriculture Genentech Inc., 89 Gene pyramiding (stacking), 387 General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 219, 219 General Systems Theory, 71 Gene splicing history, 89 Genetically modified/organisms (GM/GMOs): adoption difficulties, 216-217, 216, 352; adoption in future, 352-353; biodiversity implications, 353-354; breeding options/ plants, 392-393; Bt toxins in ecosystem, 167, 167, 354; controversy/fear with, 3, 12, 34, 199-200, 199, 214, 216, 216, 273, 352, 393-394; economic effects, 216-217, 216; ecosystem cycling, 167, 167; environmental impacts, 167, 167; EU regulations, 216, 216, 272, 352; examples of use, 196; future scenarios, 352—353; herbicide resistance, 166, 166, 167; history, 89; insecticide resis­tance, 167, 167; insect resistance (Bt crops), 166, 166, 167; invasiveness, 168; landraces and, 354; liability issues, 394; livestock, 168, 168; livestock potential, 395; poverty

and, 353; productivity effects, 299; risk assessment, 168; socioeconomic impacts, 195-196, 195; soybeans, 283, 284; tobacco plants, 89; transgenic crops in developing countries, 12; transgenic crops production controversy, 12; transgenic fish, 168, 168; UK trials of GM rape seed oil, 87; uninten­tional spread of GM traits/crops, 167—168, 167. See also Genetic engineering Genetic diversity: cereal crops, 153; changes in, 110, 153, 157, 157; domestic popula­tions, 188, 188; genetic resources policies, 447-448; preservation, 188, 188-189, 188, 392; reduction problem, 157, 157, 188, 188; techniques for assessing, 187—188, 187, 188. See also Agrobiodiversity Genetic engineering (GE): assessment, 166, 166; emergence, 89, 95; environmental risks summary, 95; herbicide use and, 95, 106; insecticide use and, 95, 106; overview, 95; pesticide use and, 95, 106; risks summary, 95; RNA-based techniques, 394-395. See also Genetically modified/organisms (GM/ GMOs); Germplasm management Genetic improvement: participatory ap­proaches, 203-204, 203, 204; spillover effects, 523; timber tree species, 159, 159. See also specific methods Genetic resources: indigenous genetic resources, 68, 160, 218, 218; intellectual property rights, 218, 218, 475^76, 479; policies, 447-448; sovereignty, 92 Genetic yield potential, 157, 157 Genomics: benefits/risks, 12; breeding options/ livestock, 395; breeding options/plants, 393. See also Genetic engineering (GE); Germ­plasm management "Genuine savings rates," 30 Germplasm management: CGIAR public-pri­vate partnerships, 97; as common heritage, 88, 89, 90; community sovereignty, 8, 88; consolidation effects, 94; for developing countries, 88; equity and, 92-93, 96, 98; farmers, 88, 96-97; IPR and, 88, 89, 90-93, 94, 96, 98; narrowing of, 87-88, 118-119; need for new design, 98; overview, 87-98; public policy importance, 118-119; public/ private sector development, 88, 94, 96; public sector dilemma, 94, 96; quality, 97-98; recombinant DNA history, 89; time­line of, 89 Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD), 24, 40 Global Crop Diversity Trust, 84 Global Environment Outlook (GEO) reports: agricultural land needs, 153; drivers of ag­ricultural change, 261, 263, 265, 271, 276, 276, 294 Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR), 84 Global Fund for Children, 78 Global Hunger Index, 110 Global IPM Facility, 100 Globalization: change description, 107-108, 110, 118-119; disparities with, 7, 8, 43, 59, 108-109, 213-214, 213; Enlightened Globalization, 214, 214, 225; food safety

issues, 214, 214, 468; gap in productivity, 108-109; localization vs., 147, 224-225, 224; market concentrations, 465^166, 466; overview, 6-8; policy frameworks, 218-219, 218; potential social/environmental problems, 109; sovereignty and, 7; techno­logical risks/costs, 74—75 Global Methodology for Mapping Human Impacts on the Biosphere. See GLOBIO 3 model Global population: 1950-2050, 6; demographic transition, 260, 262; developing vs. devel­oped countries, 262; family planning access, 262; growth by region, 315; HIV/AIDS spread, 262; natural resources and, 3, 5-6; projection differences, 262, 263; trends/pro­jections, 6, 256, 262, 262, 299, 314, 315; water availability issues, 170, 170 Global Trade and Environment Model. See GTEM model Global Warming Potential (GWP): agricultural effects, 189, 189. See also Climate change Global Water Assessment, 74 GLOBIO 3 model: applications, 310, 311, 313, 367, 369; description, 311, 367-369, 369-370; structure/data, 367-369; uncer­tainty, 369, 369 Glyphosate, 163 Golden Weaver ants, 66—67 Governance: of AKST investments, 496, 527— 535; assessing, 527-529, 527, 529; func­tions, 528; future roles, 534-535; territorial governance, 220-222, 220, 221, 222 Grain-to-livestock ratios, 32, 275 Grasslands: degradation, 38; description, 37-38; importance, 37-38 Green Belt Movement, 65 Greenhouse agrosystems: improving, 385, 385; in Mediterranean, 385, 385 Green manure, 192 Green Revolution: Africa, 181, 222, 397; AKST/policy reforms, 214, 214; cereal crops and, 20, 21, 154, 155; CIMMYT contributions, 271; criticism, 41, 83, 109, 110, 117, 156, 156, 195, 203; environmen­tal harm, 41, 98, 195, 203; fertilizer use, 41; IRRI contributions, 271; irrigation use, 195; pesticide use, 41, 98; R&D investment, 504; successes/impacts, 63, 71, 73, 78, 84, 88, 90, 108-109, 117, 148, 154, 156, 195, 538; technology supply-push, 481; "yield gap," 223 "Green" water, 39, 170 Groundwater harvesting, 170, 1 70 Groundwater resources/sustainability, 170, 170, 407, 422, 450 Growers' associations, 532 GTEM model: applications, 310, 31 1, 314, 361; description, 311, 360-361; history, 360; structure/data, 361; uncertainty, 362 Gulf of Mexico pollution, 154
H
Habitat: estuarine habitats, 186, 186; loss ef­fects, 399; preservation, 399^107; restora­tion, 399 HarvestPlus Challenge Program, 522