community members and, 58; options, 58; participatory approach, 208, 208; pesticide use, 98-99; private/public services, 208, 208; as publicly funded, 507; R&D invest­ment assessment, 511—512, 513; sustainable development issues, 209, 209; ToT model and, 64 Externalities of agriculture multifunctionality, 6
F
Fair trade: description/statistics, 213; as trade/ marketing option, 59, 113, 460 Fair Trade Movement, 213 Fallow system today, 168-169, 168, 175, 175 Family planning access, 262 Famines: avoiding, 268; Bengal Famine (1943-1944), 89; definition/description, 11; South Asian subcontinent (1960s), 89 Farmer field schools (FFS), 68-69, 78, 208, 208,209,411,484,484 Farmer Participatory Research and Extension (FPRE): description, 65; examples using, 65—66; intellectual property rights and, 67-68; local levels, 68; support for, 66 Farmer-scientist collaboration model, 69 Farming systems research and extension (FSRE), 65 Farm size: changes in, 7; disparities in, 20; by world region, 8 Feasibility (indicators), 49 Federal Centers of Technological Education (CEFETS), 82 Fertilizer, nitrogen: biogeophysical environ­mental changes, 273—274; efficient use, 401^102; eutrophication and, 40, 274; Gulf of Mexico hypoxic conditions, 154; management needs, 169, 169; nitrogen cycle effects, 175, 175, 273-274, 274; productiv­ity relationship, 151, 152; riparian buffer strips, 180, 180; use projections, 273-274, 274; use statistics, 6, 7, 149, 274, 281 Fertilizers: adding to seeds, 421; biogeophysical environmental changes, 273-274; develop­ing countries use, 6; food safety concerns, 111; with Green Revolution, 41; livestock production and, 281; management needs, 169-170, 169; micro-dosing, 169; nutrient loading, 274; overuse, 169, 169; phosphorus, 6, 7, 149; productivity relationship, 151-152, 151; site-specific management, 420; use projections, 281; use statistics, 6, 7, 281; water pollution, 10, 21, 40, 273, 274 Field schools, 68-69, 78, 208, 208, 209, 411, 484, 484 Fisheries: AKST impact enhancement, 398-399; Atlantic Ocean, 323, 323; Blue Revolution, 155; "bycatch" reduction, 399; climate change adaptation, 421; climate change impacts, 421; consumption, 160, 160; contamination and, 38-39; economics of, 21, 22, 38, 398; estuarine habitats, 186, 186; fertilizers, 10, 21, 40, 175, 273, 274; Indian Ocean, 323, 323; management, 398-399; Mediterranean, 323-324; model­ing outcomes, 322-324, 323; modeling weaknesses, 312-313; overfishing, 38, 40, 308, 398, 399; Pacific Ocean, 323, 323; production (1950-2002), 22; sustainability

policies, 308-309, 355, 398-399; transgenic fish, 168, 168; trends, 150, 150, 297; tuna, 312-313; UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 480^81; water resources management, 405. See also Aquaculture; EcoOcean model; Marine biomass models; Water pollution Fisheries reserves, 399 Fodder: agroforestry and, 176-177, 176, 180; importance, 192; quality, 165, 165 Food additives, 111 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) overview, 84 Food availability/supply: AKST and, 308; China/India, 310; by food type/region, 318; innovation needs, 308; projections, 279, 308; traditional foods, 155, 155 Food consumption patterns: as agriculture change driver, 274-277; assessments, 275—276, 2 76; changes in commodity composition (1969-2050), 277; demand for ecologically produced food, 299; drivers of, 274-275; expected changes, 274-275, 275, 276; food expenditure changes, 275, 275; health implications, 277; kilocalorie availability per capita, 276, 278; nutrient-poor foods, 155; per capita consumption, 277; retailing systems, 275, 276; traditional foods, 155, 155; trends, 154-155, 154, 299; trend towards healthy foods, 299; vegetar­ian diets, 299 Food demand: China/India and, 310; determi­nation factors, 310; of future, 256 Food fortification, 197 Food insecurity: definition/description, 10-11; framework for understanding, 110; HIV/ AIDS, 35; temporary food insecurity, 11; trends in, 109 Food irradiation, 112 Food prices: AKST effects, 333, 337, 341; bio-energy effects, 291, 355, 424; China/India and, 310; determination factors, 310; with increased vegetarianism/integrated nutrient management agriculture, 344—345, 348; modeling outcomes, 320, 320; spillover effects, 523 Food production: AKST effects, 333, 339; in­crease in, 20, 156, 156; Modern Varieties effects, 151, 151, 152, 156-157, 156, 157; projection models, 310; trade policies and, 331-332,332,333 Food quality issues, 214, 214 Food safety: AKST impacts, 198, 198, 352; chemical/environmental contamination, 112, 113, 198; demand for, 351; developing countries and, 309, 351—352; exposure lim­its, 111; financing, 468—469; food contami­nants reduction, 408^109; food scares, 352; food traceability systems, 214, 216, 216; food-/water-borne diseases, 34, 111, 112, 112, 113, 198, 219-220, 219, 467-468; fraudulent practices, 112; globalization ef­fects, 214, 214, 468; GMO foods, 199-200, 199; good agricultural practices (GAPs), 408^09; heavy metal contamination, 409; historical efforts, 111-112; lack of data on, 467-468; microbiological contaminants, 112, 113; overview, 34, 111-112, 112, 113; pesticides and, 34, 103, 112; postharvest

technologies/shelf life, 165, 165, 198, 198; producers' problems, 351; regulations, 198, 213, 213, 216, 216, 218, 218, 219-220, 219, 351, 442^43, 468^69, 474^75; risks, 111, 112, 112, 113; stakeholders' im­pacts, 213, 213; standards/regulations, 198, 213, 213, 216, 216, 218, 218, 219-220, 219, 351, 442^43, 468^69, 474^75; threats in developing countries, 111 Food security: agricultural investments, 267, 267; AKST and rural poor, 197, 197, 354-355; aquaculture effects, 160, 160; bioenergy impacts, 256-257, 300, 355, 424; China/India and, 310; climate change and, 41, 391; definition/description, 10, 11, 22 1; evolution of term, 1 11; framework for understanding, 110; future challenges, 352, 354-355; modeling outcomes, 320, 322; models, 310; obesity and, 196, 196; soil management, 408; trends in, 109-111; women's efforts and, 33. See also Food prices; specific agricultural pests Food sovereignty: agroforestry, 147; definition/ description, 10, 111, 113-114; globaliza­tion and, 7; movements for, 114, 115; over­view, 113-114 Food systems: activities, 108; assessments on change, 293-299; classification, 294; defini­tion/description, 107; distribution/delivery changes, 297—299; food utilization assess­ments, 293; global crop production projec­tions, 295-296, 295, 297; global systems/ activities, 107-108, 109, 110, 118-119; holistic model, 107; intensification degrees, 294-295; local systems/activities, 107, 118—119; management overview, 107—116; outcomes/trends, 108-116, 108; produc­tion systems changes, 294-297; public policy importance, 118-119; social welfare, 108—109; specialization, 111; sustainable food system description, 107. See also spe­cific systems Food traceability systems, 214, 216, 216 Food utilization assessments, 293 Ford Foundation, 80, 83, 88, 89, 504 Forestry/forests: annual net changes (2000-2005), 37; biodiversity and, 22, 37; certifi­cation, 216; climate change mitigation, 22, 37, 287-288, 327; clonal approaches, 159, 159; driving forces, 296; environmental pol­icy effects, 296—297; genetic improvements, 159, 159; importance in agriculture, 21—22, 37; integration with other land uses, 216, 216; investment in timber plantations, 159, 159; management, 37; modeling outcomes, 328-329, 330; product production, 298; projected changes in land, 283; projected forest area decline, 329, 330; reforestation, 297; re-growth, 328—329; services provided, 21-22, 37; swidden agriculture, 37. See also Agroforestry; Deforestation; Fuelwood Fossil fuel: coal use, 326, 327; natural gas use, 326, 327; need for alternatives, 541; oil use, 326, 327; prices, 326, 541. See also Climate change Foundation for the Participatory and Sustain­able Development of the Small-scale Pro­ducers of Colombia, 86