nials (cash crops or domestically important indigenous species); conservation farming and organic agriculture; integrated pest management; conserving or introducing biological corridors; controlling stocking densities; and ensuring pollination, seed dispersal, life cycles and food chains [Global Chapter 3; SSA Chapter 5].
•   Reduced water availability, quality and access: Diffuse pollution from agriculture is a major factor in damaging water quality. Reduced water availability arises from river capture, exploitation of aquifers and ground wa­ter, drainage of wetlands, and deforestation. This can be countered by using appropriately constructed holding ponds, use of water-saving irrigation techniques, rain­water capture, riparian strips and erosion control, mini­mized use of agrichemicals, and improved efficiency in the use of manures and fertilizers [CWANA Chapter 2; Global Chapter 3; NAE Chapter 6].
•   Increasing pollution (air, water,  land):  This may be brought about by waste dumping, chemical accidents, unsuitable cultivation and land use practices that emit greenhouse gases, emissions from unregulated indus­try, etc. Pollution may be reduced by regulation (local, national, global); promotion of best practices for land/ water use, e.g., carbon sequestration [CWANA Chap­ter 2; SR Part II: Climate Change]; reducing pesticide use; biological control; use of clean energy alternatives (biofuels, solar/wind power); etc. [Global Chapter 3; SR Part II: Bioenergy]

Strengthen human resources in the support of natural capital through increased investment (research, train­ing and education, partnerships, policy) in promoting the awareness of the societal costs of degradation and value of ecosystem services.
•   Investment to promote awareness of resource resilience, protection and renewal: This begins with creating un­derstanding and awareness about sustainability issues and their impacts  on various populations,  environ­ments and economies among national and international policy makers, donors, corporate business leaders and development agencies. This also requires public under­standing of the issues. There are some good examples of two types of organizations that have brought part of the message to public attention. One is small orga­nizations like Fair Trade and WWF; the other is global level policy, as exemplified by the Millennium Develop­ment Goals and the Kyoto Protocol to mitigate climate change. The latter have benefited from wide media at­tention. Agricultural sustainability would benefit simi­larly from media coverage conferring increased public understanding and support.
•   Investment in  dissemination and implementation of promising multi-scale and commercially viable "pack­ages" involving partnerships, technologies, appropriate practices, research and training programs. Examples include Daimler-Chrysler's (Brazil) production of raw materials such as gums, oils, resins, and fibers for car manufacture by rural communities [Global Chapter 3]; ecoagriculture and ecotourism in which local commu­nities, often with private sector partners, benefit from external interest in for example, local wildlife, unique

habitats, waterways, and forests; and use and protec­tion of traditional knowledge and farmers' rights for better access to traditional foods, which can also en­hance community empowerment [LAC Chapter 1].
•   Investment in research targeting natural resource resil­ience and renewal and, simultaneously, strengthening lo­cal capabilities and ownership for wide scale adoption. Examples include rebuilding natural capital (replant­ing watersheds, soil fertility replenishment, replanting trees in the landscape); protection of water ways with riparian buffer strips; domestication of new tree crops through community action; wetland and swamp con­servation; restoration of hydrological processes; and documenting and using traditional knowledge of natu­ral resource conservation [ESAP Chapters 3, 4; Global Chapters 3, 6; LAC Chapters 1, 4; NAE Chapter 6].
•   Investment in research targeting mitigation of climate change and loss of biodiversity [NAE Chapter 6]. Ex­amples include  developing  better  understandings  of the role of biodiversity in agroecosystem functions and wildlife conservation through diversified farming sys­tems that support local livelihoods [Global Chapter 3; SR Part II: Climate Change].
•   Investment in national, regional and global structures and partnerships to protect natural resource data col­lections. Examples of secure data banks and collections include GEMS, IPGRI, and indigenous knowledge col­lections [see section on traditional knowledge and in­novation; CWANA SDM; NAE Chapter 6].
•   Investment to promote improved models of extension and outreach by engaging local people with scientists in participatory learning processes for NRM, and in adapting improved NRM technologies to local circum­stances for a better informed public with the capabili­ties to diagnose, manage, and monitor natural resource issues and changes [LAC Chapter 5; NAE SDM; SSA Chapter 5].
•   Investment in cost-effective monitoring of the state of natural resources to generate long-term trends and knowledge about the state of natural capital.

Promote agricultural production based on less ex­ploitative NRM and strategies for resource resilience, protection and renewal through innovative processes, programs, policies and institutions.
•   Promote research "centers of AKST-NRM excellence". These would facilitate less exploitative NRM and strat­egies for resource resilience, protection and renewal through innovative two-way learning processes in re­search and development, monitoring and policy formu­lation [CWANA Chapter 2; NAE Chapter 6].
•   Develop a more multifunctional approach to agricul­ture [NAE Chapter 6]. This can be achieved through integrating production of food crops within integrated farming systems that maintain environmental services such as carbon sequestration, soil organic management, water and nutrient cycling [NAE SDM]. This would benefit from the integration of local insights on land tenure and management regimes, gender-related pat­terns of resource access and control and participatory decision-making and implementation [ESAP Chapter 4;