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Glossary | 135
the local environment to produce its goods and does not
compensate the negatively affected local residents. Positive
externalities can be produced through primary education,
which benefits not only primary school students but also society at large. Governments can reduce negative externalities by regulating and taxing goods with negative externalities. Governments can increase positive externalities by subsidizing goods with positive externalities or by directly providing those goods. Fallow Cropland left idle from harvest to planting or during the growing season. Farmer-led Participatory Plant Breeding Researchers and/ or development workers interact with farmer-controlled, managed and executed PPB activities, and build on farmers’ own varietal development and seed systems. Feminization The increase in the share of women in an activity, sector or process. Fishery Generally, a fishery is an activity leading to harvesting of fish. It may involve capture of wild fish or the raising of fish through aquaculture. Food Security Food security exists when all people of a given spatial unit, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life, and that is obtained in a socially acceptable and ecologically sustainable manner. Food Sovereignty The right of peoples and sovereign states to democratically determine their own agricultural and food policies. Food System A food system encompasses the whole range of food production and consumption activities. The food system includes farm input supply, farm production, food processing, wholesale and retail distribution, marketing, and consumption. Forestry The human utilization of a piece of forest for a certain purpose, such as timber or recreation. Forest Systems Forest systems are lands dominated by trees; they are often used for timber, fuelwood, and non-wood forest products. Gender Refers to the socially constructed roles and behaviors of, and relations between, men and women, as opposed to sex, which refers to biological differences. Societies assign specific entitlements, responsibilities and values to men and women of different social strata and sub-groups. Worldwide, systems of relation between men and women tend to disadvantage women, within the family as well as in public life. Like the hierarchical framework of a society, gender roles and relations vary according to context and are constantly subject to changes. Genetic Engineering Modifying genotype, and hence phenotype, by transgenesis. Genetic Material Any material of plant, animal, microbial or other origin containing functional units of heredity. Genomics The research strategy that uses molecular characterization and cloning of whole genomes to understand the structure, function and evolution of genes and to answer fundamental biological questions. Globalization Increasing interlinking of political, economic, institutional, social, cultural, technical, and ecological issues at the global level. |
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) An organism in
which the genetic material has been altered anthropogenically
by means of gene or cell technologies. |
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