Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology: Investment and Economic Returns | 515

Table 8-11. Rates of return by commodity orientation

Notes: See Table 8-10. Standard deviations are given in parentheses. Sample excludes two extreme outliers and includes only returns to research only and combined research and extension, so that the maximum sample size is 1,772. In some instances further observations were lost owing to incomplete information on the specific characteristics of interests.
Includes research identified as all agriculture or crops and livestock, as well as unspecified. Includes estimates that did not explicitly identify the commodity focus of the research
cIncludes all crops, barley, beans, cassava, sugar cane, groundnuts, maize, millet, other crops, pigeon pea or chickpea, potato, rice sesame, sorghum and wheat.
dIncludes beef, swine, poultry, sheep or goats, all livestock, dairy, other livestock, pasture, dairy and beef. Includes other tree and fruit and nuts. Includes fishery and forestry. Source: Alston et al., 2000a.