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Table 5-1. Overview of quantitative modeling tools.

Model name

Type

Features

Output indicators

Policy experiments

IMPACT-WATER

Partial equilibrium agricultural sector model with water simulation module

Simulates food production and water based on economic, demographic, and technological change

Food supply and demand, water supply and demand, Food price and trade, number of malnourished children

Investment in AKST, Trade liberalization, Organic/change in meat demand

SLAM

Simulated Livestock Allocation Model

Simulates the allocation of land to ruminant livestock based systems using livestock numbers

Areas and density of grazing ruminants

 

IMAGE

Integrated Assessment model

Simulates energy supply and demand, translates energy outcomes and food outcomes from IMPACT into environmental consequences (land use change, climate change, emissions)

Energy demand and mix, greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, temperature and precipitation change, C and N fluxes

Climate change, Bioenergy

GTEM

CGE model

Simulates the working of the global economy

 

Trade liberalization

WATERSIM

Partial equilibrium agricultural sector model with water simulation module

 

Food supply and demand, water supply and demand, Food price and trade

Water productivity

GLOBIO3

Dose-response biodiversity model

Translates environmental pressures mainly from IMAGE into indicators of biodiversity

Mean Species Abundance Index

Bioenergy

ECO-OCEAN

Marine biomass balance model

Simulates world marine capture fisheries based on the 19 FAO fishing areas

Catch, Value, Diversity, and Marine Trophic Index

 

GEN-CGE

CGE model for India

Multisectoral general equilibrium model for India with gender disaggregated data

Food and nonfood supply and demand at country level, employment by worker types distinguished by gender, wages of female and male workers and income by households

Trade liberalization

CAPSiM

CAPSiM

Partial equilibrium agricultural sector model for China

Simulates food production, consumption, and farmers' income based on major driving forces of demand and supply

 

Source: Compiled by authors.

 

5.2.1.2 Integrated assessment models

Integrated Assessment models (IAMs) are tools to address global environmental change in a consistent manner, using feedbacks from climate change, land use change and changes in atmospheric composition. They provide information on a global scale and take into account the regional interrela-

 

tions on many aspects like energy demand, land use change and air quality. IAMs are strong in providing insights into the consequences of specific policy options and can support policy discussions in this area.

      Although the integration in most models is high from the perspective of the limited (environmental) problems they