• The U.K. lost 60,000 farmers and farm workers between 98-2001 and farm income declined 71% between 1995-2001.
• To provide clearer and broader figures, the World Bank has implemented the Ruralstruc project to assess the impact of liberalization and structural adjustment strategies on rural livelihoods (Losch, 2007). These examples indicate that poverty alleviation requires more than economic policies that aim at promoting global trade.

The globalization of the food supply chain has raised consumer concerns for food safety and quality.

The incidence of food safety hazards such as: "mad cow disease" (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), contamination of fresh and processed foods (e.g., baby milk, hormones in veal, food colorings and ionized foodstuffs in Europe, mercury in fish in Asia, etc.) have resulted in the emergence of traceability as a key issue for policy and scientific research in food quality and safety. Over the past ten years considerable research effort has been directed towards assessing risks and providing controls (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point-HACCP). These have included the implementation of food traceability systems complying with marketing requirements (Opara and Mazaud, 2001). Consumer concerns about the safety of conventional foods and industrial agriculture as result of the use of growth-stimulating substances, GM food, dioxin-contaminated food and livestock epidemics, such as outbreaks of foot and mouth disease, have contributed to the growth in demand for organic food. Many consumers perceive organic products as safer and of higher quality than conventional ones. These perceptions, rather than science, drive the market (http://www.fao.org/ DOCREP/005/Y4252E/y4252e13.htm#P11_3).

"Enlightened Globalization" is a concept to address needs of the poor and the global environment and promote democracy.

The concept of Enlightened Globalization has been proposed to address "the needs of the poorest of the poor, the global environment, and the spread of democracy" (Sachs, 2005). It is focused on "a globalization of democracies, multilateralism, science and technology, and a global economic system designed to meet human needs". In this initiative, international agencies and countries of the industrial North would work with partners in the South to honor their commitments to international policies and develop new processing industries focused on the needs of local people in developing countries while expanding developing economies. Enlightened Globalization also is aimed at helping poor countries to gain access to the markets of richer countries, instead of blocking trade and investment.

There is new and increasing involvement of the corporate sector in agroforestry.

Typically, multinational companies have pursued largescale, high input monocultures as their production systems. However, a small number of multinational companies are now recognizing the social, environmental, and even economic, benefits of community engagement and becoming involved in agroforestry to develop new crop plants that meet specific needs in a diversifying economy. There are now several examples of new niche products becoming new international commodities (Mitschein and Miranda, 1998; Wynberg et al., 2002; Tchoundjeu et al., 2006). In Brazil, DaimlerChrysler has promoted community agroforestry for the production of a range of raw plant materials used to make a natural product alternative to fiberglass in car manufacture (Mitschein and Miranda, 1998; Panik, 1998), while in Ghana, Unilever is developing new cash crops like Allanblackia sp. as shade trees for cocoa (IUCN, 2004; Attipoe et al., 2006). In South Africa, the "Amarula" liqueur factory of Distell Corporation buys raw Sclerocarya birrea fruits from local communities (Wynberg et al., 2003). New public/private partnerships such as those developed by the cocoa industry can set the standard for the integration of science, public policy and business best practices (Shapiro and Rosenquist, 2004).

3.2.4.3 Policy design and implementation

Policy instruments can be introduced at many different levels: sectorial, territorial, international science policies, and international policies, treaties and conventions.

Analyses reveal that the Green Revolution was most successful when the dissemination of AKST was accompanied by policy reforms.

Policy reform has been shown to be particularly important for the successful adoption of Green Revolution rice production technologies in Asia. When Indonesia, implemented relevant price, input, credit, extension and irrigation policies to facilitate the dissemination of the cultivation of potentially high-yielding, dwarf varieties, physical yields increased by a factor of 4-5 per unit area, as well as achieving very significant increases in labor productivity and rural employment (Trebuil and Hossain, 2004). Likewise, in Vietnam, increased rice production in the Mekong delta in 1988 was associated with the implementation of similar policies (Le Coq and Trebuil, 2005).

Agricultural policies that in the past gave inadequate attention to the needs of small-scale farmers and the rural poor are now being replaced by a stronger focus on livelihoods.

Agricultural policy over the last 50 years focused on the production of agricultural commodities and meeting the immediate staple food needs to avoid starvation in the growing