Table 2-8. Traditional versus newer issues in trade and nontrade negotiations.
|
Traditional issues |
New trade issues |
New non-trade issues |
|
Access issues
- Tariffs
- Tariff rate quota
- State trading enterprises
- Safeguards and special treatment
Export competition
- Export subsidies
- Export credits and assistance
- Export state trading enterprises
Domestic support
- Aggregate
- Measurement of Support AMS (direct and indirect)
- Green box measures
- Amber distorting measures
- Blue box
|
- Dumping
- Food safety and quality
- Guaranteed Minimum Prices GMPs
- Geographic indications and labeling
- Sanitary, phytosanitary and related financial and
technical assistance
- Impact of two-price system and price
- pooling
|
- Food security
- Biotechnology
- Species preservation
- Resource conservation
- Animal welfare
- Safeguarding landscape
- Biodiversity
- Poverty reduction
- Preservation of rural culture
- Environmental concerns
- Rural development
|
Source: Zaibet et al., 2003.
Table 2-9. Shallow versus deep integration measures.
|
Trade issues (shallow integration) |
Nontrade domestic policies (deep
integration) |
Relevance of nontrade concerns to
the region |
- Market access
- Customs procedures
- Rules of origin
- Standards and technical barriers
- Intellectual property rights
- Subsidies and antidumping
- Sanitary and phytosanitary
- Services trade
- Investment measures
- Government procurement
- Dispute settlement
- Role of small economies
|
- Foreign investment
- Competition policies
- Limitation of horizontal restraints: price-fixing
agreements
- Formation of domestic cartels
- Prohibition of vertical constraints
- Exclusive agreements between producers and distributors
- Labor and environmental standards
- Harmonization of standards vs. mutual recognition
- Institutional changes (long-term objective)
|
- Raise national investment levels
- Increase the rate of technology transfer
- Increase economic growth
- Viewed as a form of protectionism
- Need financial and technical aid
|
Source: Zaibet et al., 2003.
Table 2-10. Relevance to the European Union and to the region.
|
EU Agenda 2000 |
Relevance to the region |
|
Trade and competitiveness
- Reduction in market support prices
for cereals, milk and beef
- Direct aid payments to offset lower prices
|
Higher import prices
New access concessions are sought |
|
Rural development
- Multifunctional nature of
agriculture
- Regeneration of rural areas and promotion of diversification
|
Included in the Barcelona Declaration |
|
Protecting and enhancing the environment
- Support agricultural methods which
protect the environment
- Direct payment conditional on compliance with environment targets
|
Included in the Barcelona Declaration |
|
Food safety and consumers' protection
- Quality assurance for hygiene, the
environment and animal welfare
- Improving traceability
- Labeling
- Organic farming
|
Impact on agricultural exports
Needs technical and financial aid |
|
Enlargement of the Union |
Potential gains? Or losses? |
Source: Zaibet et al., 2003.