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Index | 181

Gender roles. See also Feminization of agriculture
agricultural production and, 16–17, 22,
29–30
conflict and, 76–77
employment and, 11
globalization and, 77
importance of, 22
labor markets and, 65
land and agrarian reforms and, 76
mechanization, technology and, 77
migration and, 76
research and development and, 58, 59t
social processes and, 110–11
trends in, 84, 91–92
urbanization and, 72
Gene banks
biotechnology and, 104
conservation of local plant varieties and,
20, 45
livestock and, 140
natural resource management and, 88
need for, 120
organizations and, 46
plant breeding programs and, 48
Gene Revolution, 130–31
Genetic diversity, 20, 43, 46–48
Genetic resources. See also Gene banks; Seed
banks
agrobiodiversity and, 73
diversity and, 20, 43, 46–48
food security and, 22–23
international activities for, 45–48, 68, 139–41
management of, 147
traditional knowledge and, 68–70, 92–93
Genetically modified organisms (GMO), 46,
92– 93, 115, 130–31, 153–54. See also
Biotechnology
Geographic information systems (GIS), 109,
140, 145
Geography of CWANA, 3, 4f
Germplasm, 73, 103
Global Assessment of Soil Degradation, 39
Global Environment Facility (GEF), 44–45
Global warming. See Climate change
Globalization
agriculture and, 2
as driver, 86, 93
energy supplies and, 91
food supplies and, 133
future trends and, 85
gender roles and, 77
investment spillover and, 104
GMPs. See Guaranteed Minimum Prices
Governance
agricultural biodiversity and, 43
development strategies and, 48–49, 49t
information technology and, 109–10
as key issue, 3, 21, 113
need for policy adaptations and, 121,
145–48
need for policy research and, 115
principles of, 108
rangeland management and, 19, 29
research and development and, 57–60, 57t
risk management and, 54–55
transparency, accountability and, 108–9
trends in as driver, 86, 93–94		   Grains, 12, 30–31, 31f, 125. See also Barley;
Cereals; Wheat
Grazing lands, 14–15, 18–19, 44, 45. See also
Livestock
Green economics, 108
Green Revolution, 15, 20, 21, 60
Greenhouse gases. See Climate change
Gross domestic product (GDP), 7–8, 9t, 10t, 14
Groundwater, 35, 38, 53, 135–36
Groundwater dams, 38–39
Guaranteed Minimum Prices (GMPs), 51t
Gulf Cooperation Council, 99

H
Habitat loss, 43–44
Hammurabi’s Code, 35
Hamoun wetlands, 53
HDI. See Human development index
Health (animal), 53, 125, 150
Health (human), 14, 15f, 41, 93, 101, 121,
150–51
Herbicides, 33, 89, 149. See also Agrochemicals
Hessian flies, 53
High-value crops, 103
HIV/AIDS, 93
Horticultural crops, 31–32
Hotspots, protection of, 42–43
Human capacity, 122. See also Capacity development
Human development index (HDI), 9t, 12, 63
Human poverty index, 9t, 12
Human resources, as driver, 85, 86t
Hydraulic equipment, 55–56, 70
Hyperarid zones, 5, 5t

I
IARCs. See International agricultural research
centers
Imports. See also Trade
cereals and, 60–61, 61f, 62t
food security and, 13
GDP and, 10t
need for policy adaptations and, 121
overview of, 8, 13f
In Situ Conservation of Genetic Diversity in Turkey,
45–47
Incentives, 42, 76
Income, 11–12, 53–54
Indigenous knowledge. See Traditional knowledge
Indirect drivers, 85, 93–94
Industrial crops, 31, 75
Inflation, 12
Information and communications technology, 73,
109–10, 120, 143–45, 143f, 145f, 146b
Infrastructure, 3, 21, 37–39, 87
Inheritance laws, 89
Innovation, 107–8, 144b
Input use, 32–33
Institutional reform, 148
Integrated crop management, 128–30, 139
Integrated management, 71
Integrated pest management, 23, 67, 88–89, 103,
130–31
Integrated water resource management (IWRM),
119, 134–36, 146–47
Intellectual property, 46, 50, 71, 72, 104–5		   Intercropping, 32, 123
International agricultural research centers
(IARCs), 66
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
(IPGRI). See Biodiversity International
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture, 46, 68
Internet, 109, 145
Intraindustry trade, 100
Investments
as driver, 86–87, 86t, 89
funding policy and, 104
importance of, 154
national saving rate and, 8–10
research and development and, 57–60, 57t,
59t, 71, 74–75, 75t
IPGRI. See Biodiversity International
Iran, 35
Irrigation
agricultural productivity and, 15, 16t, 28, 124f
agricultural research and, 24
dams and, 23–25, 37–39, 55–56, 71
efficiency of, 6, 151–52
fodder crops and, 32
grain production and, 31
increases in, 30
infrastructure for, 39
natural resource management and, 35, 72–73
need for research in, 103
risk management and, 54
salinization and, 6, 34, 39, 41
sustainability and, 123–25, 124f
traditional knowledge and, 21, 72
trends in as driver, 89
IWRM. See Integrated water resource management

J
Jessour system, 71
Jordan, 24, 71

K
Karst, 56
Kemal, Mustafa, 20
Kharez, 38, 72
Khettaras, 72
Khuskaba system, 72
Knowledge, 3, 23–25, 113. See also Traditional
knowledge

L
Labor market, 65–66, 65f
Lagoons, 8b
Land and water access, 20–21
Land cover, overview of, 30
Land degradation. See Degradation
Land ownership, 17, 19, 20–21, 29, 76–77
Land resource management, 85, 89–90
Land tenure systems, 19, 49, 137
Land use
agricultural productivity and, 14, 17t
biofuels and, 91
incentives for change in, 42
loss of arable land resources and, 28–29
need for planning and, 2–3
overview of, 30
policy adaptations and, 145–46
resource management as driver and, 85, 89–90
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