Certification programs, 31, 35, 67, 102
CGAIR. See Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research
Charoen Pokphand Company, 38
Chickens. See Poultry production
Child labor, overview of, 10–11
Child mortality, 116–17
China
ageing of population of, 117
agricultural extension in, 37
anti-dumping measures and, 77
biotechnology and, 87, 138–39
demographic drivers and, 113
forestry and, 98–99
Green Revolution and, 46–47
pesticides and, 94
population growth and, 116
regional cooperation and, 129–30
resource management and, 141b
trade and, 66–67, 70, 71b
CITES. See Convention on International Trade
of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM),
106–7
Climate, overview of, 3–4
Climate change
effect of agriculture on, 54
emerging challenges in, 163–64
need for global consensus and, 161
organic agriculture and, 49
Pacific countries and, 130
trade and, 105–7
trends in as driver, 4, 113, 142–45, 144t
uncertainties in, 148t
Climate variability, 113
Clover, 28
Coconut oil, 146, 164
Codex Alimentarius Commission, 73, 74, 75t,
104
Coffee, 79–80, 81
Collaboration. See Cooperation
Collective action, 101
Commercial animal and plant health protection
(CAHP), 73
Commodity agreements, 79–80
Commodity prices, 72, 78–82, 122. See also
Price stabilization measures
Communication. See Information and
communications technology
Community forestry programs, 33
Community Registry model, 187
Competition, 63, 69–70, 72, 78–79, 113–14
Conceptual framework of IAASTD, 2, 3f
Conflicts, uncertainties in, 148t
Conospermum, 168
Consent, 84, 86–87
Conservation agriculture, 23
Consortium approaches, 183, 184b
Consultative Group on International
Agricultural Research (CGAIR), 37, 88,
137, 166, 184
Consumers, 41t, 67
Contouring, 23
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 6,
83–85, 104, 186

Convention on Conservation of Nature in the
South Pacific, 6
Convention on International Trade of
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES), 98
Cooperation, 41–43, 129–30, 152, 182–83,
184b
Cooperatives, 188
Cotton, 25, 68, 86, 173, 174–75
Countries of ESAP, overview of, 2, 3t
Credit, Green Revolution and, 47
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 53, 102
Crop rotation, 23, 36
Cross breeding, 102
Cultural diversity, 53

D
Dairy industry, 13–14
Databases, 88, 137–38
De minimis support, 71, 77
Dead zones, 52
Decentralized public research systems, 37–38
Decision making, gender roles and, 54–55
Deforestation, 4, 19, 31, 54, 106–7, 163–64
Degradation
emerging challenges in, 162–63
overview of, 8, 54
prevention of, 134
sustainability and, 180
trends in as driver, 113, 114, 140–41
water quality and, 52–53
Demographics, 2, 9–10, 113, 116–19
Deregulation, 128
Desertification, 54
Developing countries
Agreement on Agriculture and, 72
anti-dumping measures and, 63, 75–78
commodity prices and, 78–82
competitive capacity of, 63
demographics of, 10
food security and, 69
free trade agreements and, 66
genetically modified organisms and, 95–96
innovation strategies and, 140
intellectual property rights and, 83, 90–91
sanitary and phytosanitary measures and,
73–75, 75t
subsidies, market access and, 70–72
tariff escalation and, 72–73, 73t
Development goals, drivers and, 151–52
Diet, urbanization and, 31
Diseases. See also Health
animal, 6, 53, 102, 143, 165–66
human, 6, 53, 165–66
plant, 23–24, 27, 47–48, 139, 143
Dispute resolution, 66, 103, 161, 162–63
Domestic Resource Costs (DRC), 92
Donors, AKST improvements and, 41t
DRC. See Domestic Resource Costs
Drip irrigation, 21–22
Drivers
climate change as, 142–45, 144t
defined, 116
demographic change as, 116–19, 117f, 118f
economic, 119–26, 120b, 121f, 121t, 122f,
123t, 125t

education, culture, ethics, health as,
131–35, 133b
energy as, 145–47
implications of, 149–52
natural resources as, 140–42, 141b, 142f
overview of, 113–16
science and technology as, 135–40
uncertainties in, 147–49, 148–49t
Drought, 4, 9, 143
Dumping, 75, 78, 98. See also Anti-dumping
measures
Dumping margin duties, 76
Duru-Haitemba Forest, 42b
Dwarf rice strains, 23–24, 26–28

E
East Asian economic crisis, 13, 20, 70, 127
Economic drivers
agricultural productivity and, 119–22, 121f,
121t, 122f, 149–51
commodity prices and, 122
food consumption, demand and, 123–26
genetically engineered crops and, 173–74
globalization and, 122–23
gross domestic product and, 119, 120b,
121t, 126
natural disasters and, 9t
Economic liberalization. See Liberalization
E-Consortia, 178
Ecosystem health, 134–35
Education
agricultural innovation and, 139–40
gender and rural disparities and, 11–12
innovation and, 185
integrated pest management and, 94–95
investment in science and technology and,
137
nongovernmental organizations and, 131
productivity and, 119–20
small-scale producers and, 101
trends in as driver, 120, 132
Eggs. See Poultry production
Elderly population, 10, 117
Embryo transfer, 102
Emissions, 54, 106, 134, 147. See also Carbon
emissions
Emissions trading, 106
Employment, 20, 34, 48–49, 55, 69, 131–32.
See also Agricultural labor
Enabling technologies, 88
Endangered species, 98
Energy costs, 63, 122
Energy crisis, 145
Energy crops. See Biofuels
Energy resources, 145–47, 145t, 148t
Enforcement, 31
Environment
human health and, 133–34
intellectual property rights and, 85
international trade instruments for, 105–6
liberalization and, 134
organic agriculture and, 49
shrimp farming and, 98
trade, sustainable development and,
102–3
trade and, 64, 173–74