In addition, policy options regulations and investment opportunities that include financial incentives to increase forest area, reduce deforestation and maintain and manage forests, enhance the production of renewable energy sources could be particularly effective. However, some challenges may arise in developing countries which lack sufficient in­vestment capital and have unresolved land tenure issues [Global Chapters 1, 3, 5; SSA Chapter 3].

Climate change regimes. The Kyoto Protocol currently rep­resents the highest level of international consensus around the need to address climate change. Questions have been raised regarding its effectiveness in reducing global emis­sions to avoid dangerous climate change. It is clear that the Kyoto Protocol is a first step, one that demonstrates po­litical will and allows for some policy experimentation, and that deeper cuts and additional de-carbonization strategies are needed. Mitigation options employing the agricultural sectors are not well covered under the Protocol. In this re­gard a much more comprehensive future looking agreement

is needed if we want to take full advantage of the opportuni­ties offered by agriculture and forestry sectors.
     Achieving this could be accomplished through a nego­tiated global long-term (30-50 years), comprehensive and equitable   regulatory   framework  with   differentiated   re­sponsibilities and intermediate targets to reduce the GHG emissions. Within such a framework a modified Clean De­velopment Mechanism (CDM) with a comprehensive set of eligible agricultural mitigation activities, including affor­estation and reforestation; avoided deforestation, using a national sectoral approach rather than a project approach to minimize issues of leakage, thus allowing for policy inter­ventions; and a wide range of agricultural practices includ­ing organic agriculture and conservation tillage could help meet the development and sustainability goals. Other ap­proaches could include reduced agricultural subsidies that promote GHG emissions and mechanisms to encourage and support adaptation, particularly in vulnerable regions, such as the tropics and sub-tropics.