A
Africa: agricultural information providers, 208, 208; agriculture/extension expenditures, 207-208, 207; Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, 269; Comprehensive Africa Agri­culture Development Programme (CAADP), 269, 508; funding options, 533; Green Revo­lution, 181, 222, 397; national research sys­tems, 78-79; R&D funding sources, 82-83, 509; R&D investment assessment, 517, 517; science and societies, 71, 72 African Union, 92 Africa Stockpiles Program, 104, 105 Agenda 21, UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992), 49, 85 Agricultural challenges: summary, 3. See also specific challenges Agricultural change: intensification of produc­tion, 256, 299; international trade future, 256; land use, 256; overview, 256-257; policy choices, 256. See also Drivers of agri­cultural change Agricultural knowledge: co-production of, 17—19; measurement categories, 19—20; for organic agriculture, 23. See also AKST; knowledge types Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology. See AKST Agricultural Market Analysis Unit, 461 Agricultural Research Council (ARC) model, 79 Agricultural schools, 80 Agricultural systems: diversity of, 20; emerging systems, 23-24; provisioning services, 20 Agricultural systems components: crops, 20-21; fisheries, 21; forestry, 21-22; livestock, 22-23 "Agricultural treadmill," 73, 481^82 Agriculture: components, 15—16; dependence on few species, 155, 155; emerging issues over­view, 11-12; eras/revolutions, 117; human health interrelations, 116, 116; importance summary, 5—6; as multidimensional activity, 60—61; positive functions, 21; social conflicts effects, 222, 222; subsectors disconnection, 217,217 Agriculture working conditions: accidents, 34, 35; animal diseases and, 34; pesticide risks, 34, 35, 99-100, 106, 199, 199, 520-521; poor living conditions and, 34—35; problems overview, 34-35; stakeholders' impacts, 213, 213 Agrifood systems, 24 Agrobiodiversity: climate change adaptation, 416-417, 418, 419; decline, 40, 186-187,

186, 520; description, 40; managing, 40—41; village-level domestication strategies and, 188, 188. See also Genetic diversity Agrochemicals use: health impacts, 199, 199. See also specific types Agroecology: biodiversity importance, 186, 186; collaborative approaches, 71; indig­enous technologies, 66-67 Agroecosystems: agroforestry rehabilitation, 180-181, 180, 181; AKST impacts on, 148, 152, 162, 172, 173, 174, 176, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 196; description, 36; inten­sive agricultural systems effects, 154, 154; weed competition, 162, 162 Agroforestry: agroecological function, 180-181, 180, 181, 396; AKST impact enhancement, 396—398; anthropogenic gas emissions and, 181, 181; carbon sequestra­tion, 181, 181, 190, 190; cash-cropping, 178, 178, 179-180, 1 79; cloning and, 158, 158; complexity of interactions, 180, 180; corporate sector, 214, 214; description, 37, 218, 520; fodder, 176-177, 176, 180; food sovereignty and, 147; health of humans and, 397; indigenous technologies/tradi­tional knowledge, 67, 147; indigenous tree species, 147; IPM, 173; "jungle rubber," 178; land areas with, 177; land degrada­tion reduction, 396; with low fertility soil, 402; market and, 396-398; mixed cropping with, 177-181, 177-181; non-timber forest products (NTFP), 179, 179; participatory approaches, 158, 158, 204, 204; poverty reduction, 181, 181; protection of trees, 178, 178; research/techniques, 180, 180; riparian buffer strips, 180, 180; supplying daily needs, 178-179, 178, 179-180, 179; sustainability, 397; traditional/local knowl­edge, 179, 397-398; training, 209; vegeta­tive propagation techniques, 158—159, 158; women and, 396, 397; "yield gap" and, 147 Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs), 179, 179 Agrotechnical institutes, 82 AKST: challenges by region, 345; challenges summary, 2, 222, 223-224, 345, 355-356; direct drivers, 76—77; emerging issues and, 11-12; exclusion/marginalization and, 58, 201-202, 202; future, 355-356; gaps/needs, 381-384; importance summary, 2; indirect drivers, 76—77; interpretation variations, 58; lessons learned/implications, 116—119; natural resource management, 42-43; NGOs and, 86-87; organizations effective-

ness, 17; private sector for-profit arrange­ments, 86; production systems, 76—77; public-private arrangements, 86; research intensity gaps, 19; role, 4—5; sustainability goals, 299-301; traditional/local knowledge and, 67; transfer of, 18. See also IAASTD; specific components AKSTD paradigm, 76-77 AKST impact assessment: access to assets, 200-201, 200, 201; agroecosystem health with intensive agriculture, 154, 154; alien species, 163-164, 163; aquaculture environ­mental effects, 161, 161, 520; aquaculture poverty/food security effects, 160, 160; aquaculture production, 160—161, 160; bio­diversity conservation, 186-189, 186-189; biodiversity reduction, 153, 153; bioenergy, 191-193, 191-193; biological control, 162, 162; breeding for abiotic stressors, 161, 161; breeding for quality, 164-165, 164, 165; cassava mosaic disease, 164, 164; ce­real productivity, 148-149, 148, 150, 158, 158; criteria, 148, 148; cultivars resistant to insect pests, 164, 164; dependence on few species, 155, 155; economic impacts, 193-196, 193-195; environmental damage and productivity, 152—153, 152; ethnoveter-inary medicine, 164, 1 64; fallow system vs. nutrient applications, 168-169, 168; farm size-productivity relationship, 151, 151; fertilizer use, 169-170, 169; fertilizer use-productivity relationship, 151—152, 151; fish consumption, 160, 160; fisheries, 150, 150; food consumption patterns, 154-155, 154; food security, 354-355; gender issues, 210-211, 210, 211; genetic diversity in ce­real crops, 153; genetic diversity reduction/ solution, 157, 157; genetic improvement of timber tree species, 159, 159; genetic yield potential, 157, 157; global effect on people, 148, 148; GMOs socioeconomic impacts, 195-196, 195; Green Revolution, 156, 156; health/nutrition, 196-200, 196-200; herbicides, 162—163, 162; horticulture, 149, 149; information and communications technologies (ICT), 171-172, 172; infor­mation management, 209-210, 209, 210; integrated natural resource management systems, 172-184, 172-184; irrigated areas, 151, 151; irrigation, 151, 151, 154, 154, 200-201, 200; land degradation, 153, 153; land reserves, 150, 150; land restoration, 153; livelihoods, 193-211, 193-21 1; live-