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5

Development and Sustainability Goals: AKST Options

Coordinating Lead Authors:
Medha Devare (India/USA), Carl B. Greenidge (Netherlands), Govind Kelkar (India)

Lead Authors:
Elenita Dano (Philippines), Wais Kabir (Bangladesh), Rasheed Sulaiman V. (India)

Contributing Authors:
J.E. Thies (USA) and Meriel Watts (New Zealand)

Review Editors:
Shelley Feldman (USA), Digna Mazanilla (Philippines)

Key Messages

5.1 Context 161
5.2 Emerging Challenges 162
  5.2.1 Natural resources 162
  5.2.2 Climate change 163
  5.2.3 Biofuels/bioenergy 164
  5.2.4 Urban-periurban agriculture 164
  5.2.5 Human, animal and zoonotic diseases 165
  5.2.6 Institutional and governance practices 166
  5.2.7 Actors and organizations 166
  5.2.8 Social exclusion and gender inequality 167
5.3 Existing and Emerging Technologies in the ESAP region 167
  5.3.1 Local and traditional knowledge and practices 167
    5.3.1.1   Impact 168
    5.3.1.2   Challenges  168
  5.3.2 Organic agriculture 169
    5.3.2.1   Impact 169
    5.3.2.2   Challenges  170


  5.3.3 Conventional technologies and practices 170
    5.3.3.1   Impact 171
    5 3 3 2   Challenges 171
  5.3.4 Transgenic technology or "the gene revolution" 172
    5.3.4.1   Impact 174
    5.3.4.2   Challenges 174
  5.3.5 Nanotechnology 175
    5 3 5 1   Impact 175
    5.3.5.2   Challenges 176
  5.3.6 Precision agriculture 176
    5.3.6.1   Impact 176
    5.3.6.2   Challenges 176
  5.3.7 Information and communication technologies (ICT) 177
    5.3.7.1   Impact 177
    5.3.7.2   Challenges 178
5.4 Technologies: Options for Achieving Development and Sustainability Goals 179
5.5 Gender Inequality and Social Exclusion in ESAP Agriculture 180
  5.5.1 Feminization of agriculture 180
  5.5.2 Gender wage differentials 181
  5.5.3 Microfinance groups 182
5.6 Institutions and Policies 182
  5.6.1 Institutions 182
  5.6.2 Policies 186
5.7 IPR 186
5.8 Trade and Markets 187
  5.8.1 Domestic regional markets and trade 187
  5.8.2 Poverty and the liberalization of international trade 188
  5.8.3 Bilateral and regional agreements and their implications 189
  5.8.4 Agriculture in the liberalizing process 190
  5.8.5 The region and the WTO 190

 

159
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